One to one communication interaction Essay Example for Free

One to one communication interaction Es readIn this activity, I willing be carrying out both interactions, one with an individual and one with a group of service exploiters. For my individual interaction I confine chosen to work with a service user from my workplace. I am a social tutor working with deaf and blind adults. I will take an activity with a group of unsalted children in a local school for my group interaction. After these interactions have taken place, I will look at and discuss the types of communication skills shown, and I will also describe the interpersonal interaction that occurred. Communication with other people involves a process that most of us take for granted. We need to pass along instruction using a form of code from one individual to a nonher. A code is a communication system, which contains elements, which all individuals will realize. This could be verbal, non-verbal i.e. luggage compartment language, Braille, sign language, writing, pictures or even music to convey a message (CCMS, 2006). We need to express our thoughts to another person using methods of communication. The other person come backs active our communication and responds. We then check the receipt, whether the communication has been correctly interpreted, and if not we need to clarify our communication. Gerard Egan (1986) states that the goal of listening is understanding. (Moonie, 2005)see moredescribe the impact the behaviours of carers and others may have on an individual with dementiaI had chosen to work with a male service user, a resident at my workplace. I will refer to this service user as Mr A throughout this report, to protect his identity. This is important, as confidentiality is a basic human function. Law protects confidentiality through the Data fortress Act 1988, and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Maintaining confidentiality also forms part of the Care Standards Act 2000, and staff in health and social care are expect to work wi thin the boundaries of confidentiality. Before I under as well ask my individual interaction, I gave some thought to how I could get as much conver sit downion as possible. Mr A has very limited sight and good hearing. He has a pair of glasses but does not want to wear them. He also has recogniseledge disabilities, which makes his ability to respond verbally kinda difficult.As I know Mr A well, I will use in clod conversation, also a formal interview would not be appropriate due to Mr As conversational skills. Informal is defined as without ceremony or formality relaxed and friendly. (Chambers, 2007) Taking this into posting I thought of a few questions, which would be easy for him to respond to. I had open questions in my head, such as what are you doing today what would you like for breakfast and how was your evening. Using open questions, I hoped to encourage conversation and interaction between us. Closed questions, which only require a yes or no answer, would not be produ ctive to this activity, however due to Mr As disabilities I may have to use closed questions at times.As I have worked with Mr A for two years, I already have a good relationship with him. Mr A requires a lot of brook with his personal needs, but likes to be as independent as possible. Talking to other staff, reading Mr As care plan and observations I have made during the time I have worked with Mr A has allowed me to build up a good relationship with him, and knowledge of how he likes to communicate. I know when to offer support, and Mr A appears to like me. Mr A makes it quite solve when he is unhappy by shouting.On Tuesday 19th December 2006 at 9am I went to my workplace. The weather was dull and cold outside. Mr A was sat in his ordinary chair in the living room. He had his arms relaxed by his side, and one knee across the other. There was one other service user in the room, and the radio was on low. The radio is always on for Mr A he likes to listen to either the radio or th e television at all times. some other member of staff was also in the living room writing up paper work. The temperature was warm, the room was well lit but not too bright and the atmosphere was calm. Mr A appeared relaxed. My body language was relaxed, and I smiled and verbalize good morning to Mr A, and he said yeah in response.He shuffled close to in his chair at little as he spoke to me. I sat in a chair in close propinquity to Mr A so that he would be able to hear me clearly above any(prenominal) background noise, and know where I was location to him as he has very limited sight. Mr A needs a lot of help with his needs, and he is comfortable with carers in his personal space. I sat relaxed, with my body off towards Mr A, my arms leaning across my knees. I made sure I looked at Mr A so when I spoke to him he would know I was making as much eye contact as possible. Mr A does not make eye contact with anybody, he tends to look overmatch towards his knees and at times look u p towards the centre of the room. Although Mr A was not making eye contact with me, I felt it important to maintain contact, as I may be able to guess his thoughts and discoverings by looking at his eyes.Mr A settled back into his chair and his body posture was relaxed. With my voice at a calm slow pitch I said who is it Mr A, Mr A said Sarah been on days too long. This is an affectionate term for Mr A. I responded with yes I say it is time I had a holiday and Mr A laughed and said its time you did. I laughed with Mr A to show I found his remark amusing. He shuffled almost a little in his chair again. I continued to talk to Mr A in a varying tone to ensure my voice move a friendly message. I asked Mr A how he was feeling today and he said yeah. I asked him if he was feeling poorly and he said didnt say that, so I asked him if he was feeling well. Mr A responded yeah.By maintaining eye contact and looking interested, I assured Mr A that I was actively listening. Mr As receptive language is very good however his expressive language is very limited. In order to find out something from Mr A I have to clarify what it is I want to know. By asking if he felt poorly or well first I knew from bugger off that Mr A would respond didnt say that to the wrong one. I paraphrased what I had asked, reflecting back on the question to ensure I had understood what Mr A was telling me. I fey Mr A on the arm and told him that I was pleased he felt well. I felt touch was appropriate in this instance, however I cognise that this is not always the case.I asked Mr A if he would like some breakfast, and he responded yeah. He got up from the chair and made his way to the dining table. Mr A is very good at finding his way around the house and does not like being guided. By not intervening until Mr A asks for help, I am empowering him. This gives Mr A a feeling of confidence and higher self esteem. He sat down in his usual place. I asked him if it was ok to flummox an apron on him , he responded yeah and lifted his arms up so I could tie the apron. It is important to offer choice to Mr A as this empowers him merely. Mr A has muscle wastage in his right arm and has very little use of it. He eats well out of a specially intentional bowl and a special spoon using his left hand. Mr A is unable to put cereal or milk into the bowl himself, or to stagger toast or make drinks. He requires someone to do this for him.I asked Mr A what he would like for breakfast. Mr A responded not much. This is a typical response so I asked whether he would like Weetabix or Shreddies. This again ensured Mr A had a choice. Mr A answered Weetabix. Mr A will most often copy the break thing a person says, so I encourage his responses by saying the cereal he has every morning first.After Mr A had absolute his Weetabix I asked him if he would like any toast and he said yeah. I then asked Mr A if he would like marmite on his toast. Mr A responded didnt say that and shuffled around in hi s chair, indicating to me that he was not very happy. His body language became defensive as he turned away from me. With my voice at a calm slow pitch I asked Mr A if he would like jam on his toast (which he always has) and Mr A said yeah. I used this tone of voice to calm the situation. Mr A then relaxed and turned back towards the sound of my voice. The questions used at this point were closed because I know that Mr A has little expressive language so at times this is unavoidable.I thought I would offer Mr A a drink at this point so I asked him what he would like to drink. Mr A answered tea, so I went and made him a cup of tea. After he had finished the tea he stood up and made his way to the kitchen with his cup. He removed his apron and held it out to me. I asked Mr A what he wanted me to do with the apron and he responded rubbish so I took the apron and threw it in the bin. Mr A then made his way back to his chair in the lounge. He sat down and crossed his legs, tapping his fo ot to the song on the radio. I sat back down in the chair close to Mr A, again with my body posture relaxed.I asked Mr A if I could turn off the radio and talk. Mr As muscle tone became rigid and he started shouting thats stupid over and over again. I waited a moment until he calmed down and stopped shouting, and then, using a calm, quiet tone of voice, I said we can talk with the radio on low and Mr A responded yeah. I asked Mr A what he had done yesterday evening. Mr A did not respond, so I waited a few moments before I asked if he had been busy yesterday after tea. Mr A said not much. I asked him I if he had been out and he said no. I asked him if he had listened to the TV or the radio, Mr A answered TV times which means he listened to the TV.Mr A was shuffling gently in his chair as he spoke to me and he seemed very relaxed. He uncrossed his legs and crossed them the other way so he was facing towards me even more. I was still sat in the same relaxed position, with my arms resti ng on my knees, turned towards Mr A as much as possible. I asked Mr A what he would be doing today, again Mr A responded not much. I asked him if he was going out and he said dont know about it, I said to Mr A that he would have to think about it and see how he felt later. I told Mr A that I was going to put my feet up for the rest of the day and do no work. Mr A laughed at me and said she does that sometimes I asked Mr A if he had enjoyed talking to me this morning and he answered yeah. I touched Mr A on the arm again and said goodbye. Mr A responded Yeah and continued to tap his foot.I felt the interaction went very well. Mr A responded very well in conversation, and I feel that was due to the factors involved. The location was quiet, warm and calm. Mr A was seated in an environment he is very comfortable with. Mr A appeared comfortable with the proximity, that is, the fact I have to be very close to him, in his personal space. This is due to his personal difficulties, and his nee d for support with a lot of his personal needs. As he is quite an elderly gentleman, he has relied on carers being very close to him and helping him do things his whole life and seems very comfortable with this. If the support offered to Mr A is more than he wishes for, he quickly becomes very angry. At no time did Mr A appear to be unhappy with the support I gave him.During the interaction, Mr A was not able to see my body language due to his visual disability, however I sat close to him and faced him at all times so he would be aware that I was listening fully. Mr As body language was good throughout most of the interaction, he leant towards me and his muscle tone was relaxed. My body language was relaxed throughout the interaction, both when seated and when assisting Mr A with his breakfast. Mr A does not use hand gestures when he speaks, mostly due to his muscle wastage in his right arm. At one point when I asked him if he would like marmite on his toast, he exhibited a little n egative body language by spell away from me. When I suggested turning off the radio Mr As muscle tone became very rigid and he shouted at me. This was an indicator that Mr A was very unhappy with the suggestion and wanted the radio left on. The radio was turned down low and did not hamper the conversation in any way as we could clearly hear each other.My conversation with Mr A was informal. This is because I know Mr A very well so do not need to speak to him in a formal manner. I gave Mr A appropriate lengths of time to respond to my questions, and I listened carefully to his answers. By giving Mr A time to respond to my questions, I ensured that he had time to think about what I was asking, and formulate the correct response. I followed up by responding to his answers with appropriate further conversation. At one point I had to clarify a question by changing it from asking what he had done yesterday evening to if he had been busy yesterday after tea. By asking the question in a di fferent way I was checking that Mr A had fully understand what information I required from him. This in turn encouraged Mr A to respond when maybe he did not wish to, or maybe did not understand the question.Mr A is a person who likes to be as independent as possible. He appreciates when I understand his needs and what he is trying to tell me. throughout my interaction with Mr A I used empathy at all times. Empathy is a persons awareness of the emotional state of another person and their ability to share an experience with them (Richards, 2003, p.121). I was aware of Mr As emotional state and my ability to build an understanding. On two occasions I touched Mr As arm curtly to show friendliness and compassion. I feel Mr A was very responsive to our interaction and I was very happy with how it went. I think that given Mr As verbal disabilities I engaged him in a good conversation, listened well and used correct techniques to aid this. I also provided him with the correct amount of su pport during his breakfast.The other staff member present in the room was my deputy manager. I asked her to complete a witness statement for my to say I had correct an interaction with Mr A. She agreed to this. I also asked her for feedback on the techniques I had used, and how she felt the interaction went. She told me that I had engaged Mr A well. When Mr A is listening to the radio he doesnt always want to talk. He responded that he was happy to talk to me with the radio turned down low. She said Mr A appeared very relaxed and seemed to enjoy talking to me. He was also happy to go to the dining table and let me assist him in getting some breakfast. When asked, Mr A said he had enjoyed talking to me. He also appeared to be happy with the support I offered him when getting his breakfast. As he can become angry quite easily when offered too much support, I also felt this was good feedback.

Accounting System Essay Example for Free

Accounting System Essay

Comparison of Traditional and Activity-Based Costing Systems

Comparison of Traditional and Activity-Based monetary valueing SystemsIntroductionIt is paramount for all types of firms to invest into a damageing governing body. Cost management enables a firm for continued progression to enable its budget to be much vigorous and ultimately more cost effective. This essay aims to outline the framework for the master(prenominal) two cost organisations that determine the be and predict the activities that be consuming the most resources. To retrieve these cost values, a firm can hire ace of the achieveed-down cost apportioning method acting or the activity-based cost method. Whilst scrutinising each methods opportunities and challenges, its benefits and drawbacks will also be analysed.Traditional Cost Allocation (opportunities and benefits)The handed-down cost allocation method has been described as the absorption of production budget itemss (excluding selling and administration overheads) into product cost for stock valuation (Letza an d Gadd, 1994). The premise of this costing method is to calculate the indirect costs of a manufacturing demarcation, with the notion of assisting managers puddle decisions beneficial for the organisation in terms of both costing and profitability. This is rendered by using completely one overhead rate. Commonly, the machine hours or craunch costs as these are directly relevant to the units produced, which can be shown by the following equality (Atrill and McLaney, 2015)As in that respect is only one overhead rate, there is an arbitrary allocation of excess costs to its entirety volume base. The CIMA Technical Services (2001) mentions the conventional costing remains relies upon three stages to formulate its costs 1. Accruing of all the costs within a dep stratagemment 2. Designate the indirect costs to the departments that are functional, from the total costs 3. The indirect costs calculated should then be applied to products and military table operate.These 3 stages al low for the costing system to align itself and be in accordance of rights within the guidelines of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) (Johnson, 2014). Moreover, for firms that produce only 1 product, this system allows for a quick and smooth implementation process. This is because the total volume allocation base will only cover the volume for the sole product in the firms entire production line (Hansen Mowen, 2006).Flaws of Traditional Cost Allocation lineage of rudimentOver time the use of this traditional costing system has had its limitations and drawbacks. Whilst being in accordance with the guidelines of the GAAP, the traditional system for costing omits the costs created by customers. To use the results of costing in external financial reports, it excludes selling and administration overheads. The use of only one overhead rate eliminates many other say-so costs associated within a firms entire production line, which can lead to unembellished imprecisio ns. (Atrill and McLaney, 2015)In the past, the traditional approach in determining product costs has worked reasonably well. Overhead rates were typically of a much lower value for each direct labour than the rate paid to direct workers as wages or salaries. However, it is now becoming increasingly common for overhead rates to be surrounded by 5-10 times the hourly rate of pay payable to the increased significance of overheads (Horngren et al, 1999). Even an insignificant change in the amount of direct labour worked on a job could massively affect the total cost deduced due to direct labour hours on the overhead cost loading. Moreover, overheads are still typically charged on a direct labour hour basis overheads may not be closely related to direct labour however. (Atrill and McLaney, 2015)Principles like these in the traditional system get overs the truth of the model, sceptical the legitimacy of this costing approach. As a result, what arose was the opportunity for an alterna tive technique to overcome these flaws. This led to the rise of Activity-Based Costing ( rudiment)Activity Based CostingThe spring of an alternative costing system had been brought about in the early 1980s by Robert Kaplan the first advocator of Activity-Based Costing. It was his aim to use more cost drivers to reduce the inaccuracies and inadequacies of traditional costing systems (Singer Donoso, 2008). Activity-based costing is an accounting practice by which costs are allocated on the basis of a firms activities. The implementation of this costing system is explicated by a chronological, 5 stage template process, which Figure 1 shows.The major amendments make to the traditional costing system are the multiple cost drivers and overhead rates that are identified. Identifying cost drivers holds as the imperative component towards a successful first principle system, for a more accurate and wholly reflective costs within a firm. The cause and effect relationship with activity cos ts acts as a basis for attaching these costs to a product or service (Atrill and McLaney, 2015). Created to forecast future costing, forward planning places managers in a more prominent position to assess the likely effect of new products and processes on activities and costs, lede to wider opportunities for firm managers (Horngren et al, 1999).Activity-Based Costing Opportunities and BenefitsActivity-based costing offers a wide plethora of diverging opportunities. Significantly, the system has been taken on and been made more relevant to service industries. In the absence of a direct material element, a service businesss total costs are more likely to be predominantly composed of overheads. A survey conducted investigating 176 UK businesses (from varying industries) with annual sales revenue greater than 50 million found overheads represent 51% of total cost for service providers. This is in stark contrast to 25% for manufacturers. These statistics certainly point towards the fac t that ABC is an appealing proposition to adopt for firms that sell services rather than products (Atrill and McLaney, 2015).ABC can be used as a powerful tool for continuous rethinking and dramatic costing improvement in not only the services and products, just now also market strategies and processes (Jinga et al, 2010). When Chrysler was placed in a period of financial turbulence, it exalted its costing system to ABC in 1991 in attempts to gravel up to its formidable competitors, Toyota and Ford Motor Company. Previously, the true costs of Chrysler were made to be 30 times larger than what had been calculated (Meador, n.d.). Post-ABC (after short-term struggle through and through inevitable transitional difficulty) Chrysler recovered to a competitive standpoint the automotive firm claimed they have saved hundreds of millions of dollars to date. (The Economist, n.d.) Similarly, the previously publicly-owned Royal Mail endorsed the ABC system to discover the cost of making postal deliveries, they identified 340 separate activities and subsequent cost drivers (Atrill and McLaney, 2015).The implementation of ABC can present a strenuous challenge, but with astute and correct execution, a firm can reap fruitful benefits. Within 5 years of implementation of ABC, Dutch firm Wavin made this system part of its day-to-day management culture, playing a significant role in their management excellence programme. Wavin introduced ABC by linking it to a practical business application profitability management which considered an ideal pilot area for learning about ABC, as well as establishing a deeper understanding for the relationship between product and customer profitability (Horngren et al, 1999).However, by treating ABC as a short-term concept, Wavin ran into trouble. By operating on a day-to-day management culture, they think every effort should be made to calculate ABC for all products. The caveat was that their real emphasis should be placed in ensuring the de cision-making processes would lead to the accuracy of ABC attributed to both customers and products. Consequently, with its products Wavin used a two-phased approach whereby customers were classified into separate cost drivers. This approach generated an overall cost/customer matrix which was utilised as a foundation for its managerial decisions, representing the most significant part of the companys business (Horngren et al, 1999). Wavins implementation of ABC showed the relative unease for a firm to change its costing system, whereby the system has had many critics on its complex nature.Criticisms/Shortcomings of ABCIn spite of its main objective being to add accuracy and precision into costing schemes, from its inception ABC contained flaws. Analysing multiple overheads to identify cost drivers is time-consuming and costly. The cost of setting up the ABC system, as well as costs of running and modify it, must be incurred. The more overheads and cost drivers that are identified, the greater potential is associated with higher maintenance costs (Horngren et al, 1999). Should the firms operations be more complex and involve many activities and cost drivers, the longer the time spent to maintain this scheme. Thus, higher expenses should be paid towards its maintenance.The implementation of this costing system also presents challenges. Managers need to be taught and prepared to facilitate these new schemes, which comes with external and additional training. Once more, the complexity of mastering the scheme can be taxing in terms of time consumption. Many firms have found it problematic to implement ABC to live, traditional costing systems, where it is argued that it is more manageable for start-up firms to commence with ABC (Horngren et al, 1999). Furthermore, each firm flavor to take on this scheme must have all its business components broken down into its discrete components to identify all potential cost drivers. Perfecting the art of this scheme requires prolonged training, which again is an expensive measure (The Economist, n.d.).Comparing TCA to ABCTraditional cost allocation has been around since the 1870s, where its use as a system has been going for many more decades than its alternative ABC its inception was in the early 1980s (Ben-Arieh Qian, 2003). Interestingly a study claims that ABC is an additional costing system, not an alternative. When comparing different firms financial situations, it is highly likely that these firms do not have the exact same costing system. Some firms may use a traditional system with only one activity and cost driver associated to it, whilst others using ABC will have multiple activities and cost drivers adding onto what the traditional system has (Narong, 2009).ABC includes labour or product parts that can be identified whereas the traditional method arbitrarily accumulates salaries, expenses, and depreciations. (Blocher, 2006) For estimating costs, ABC is a more precise system as it nurtures managers in becoming more knowledgeable of the indirect resources which identifies and removes cost drivers that are of no marginal value. It also gives managers an insight into existing parameters that have generated demands. (Jones Dugdale, 2002)The traditional approach sees its overheads as rendering a service to cost units, the cost of which must be changed to those units. ABC on the other hand views overheads as being caused by activities, like operating a store to house the cost units. Since it is the cost units that cause these activities, it is thus the cost units that must be charged with the costs that they cause. A reason for the inception of ABC is within the way overheads are organised. The traditional approach has the overheads apportioned to product cost centres, whereas ABC has its overheads analysed into cost pools, with one cost pool for each cost-driving activity. (Atrill and McLaney, 2015)The intention of ABC was neither to measure short-term variable costs nor provide a day-to-day guidance on process quality. With its forward planning nature, using ABC to predict short-run costs overlooks the fact that costs are the results of spending decisions (Horngren et al, 1999). To its disadvantage, the traditional system, on the other hand, does not present non-financial information concerning the Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs), perhaps displaying a slight negligence (Hilton, 2006).ConclusionsWhilst in theory there are two major approaches to choose from for a firm to undertake its costing decisions, there is no politically correct or preferred choice. each(prenominal) costing system presents altering opportunities and challenges, where a firm ultimately has to choose dependent upon factors such as the firms industry. There has not been a major crestless wave of manufacturing firms converting to implement ABC. Costing systems in the manufacturing sector are far more complexed, needing to convert materials into work in progress, than finished goods. However, large-scale manufacturing firms such as Siemens, Philips, Volvo and Ericsson made the brave decision in the 1990s to implement ABC. (Horngren et al, 1999) Yet 2 of these firms in Siemens and Philips have in todays climate have lost a significant market share to they once had whether this is attributed to ABC is another question.It is important to note that the intended objectives of an ABC system at the time of implementation are likely to differ from its resulting consequences. The methodology behind ABC sets a company in a superior platform in terms of precision and accuracy, allowing managers to make more informed and knowledgeable for a firms long-term future.ReferencesAtrill, P. and McLaney, E. 2015. Accounting and finance for non-specialists. 1st ed. Harlow etc. Pearson Education, pp.282-306.Ben-Arieh, D. and Qian, L., 2003. Activity-based cost management for design and development stage, International Journal of ware Economics, 83,169-183CIMA Technical Servic es. 2001. Activity-based management an overview. pdf. CIMA Technical Briefing. Available from www.cimaglobal.com/technicalreports Accessed 23 March 2017Hansen, D. and Mowen, M. 2006. Cost management accounting and control. Mason, OH London Thomson/South-Western.Hilton, R.W. 2006. Cost Management Strategies for Business Decisions, 3rd Ed. McGraw Hill, saucy YorkJinga, G., Dumitru, M., Dumitrana, M. and Vulpoi, M. 2010. Accounting systems for cost management used in the Romanian economic entities, Accounting and Management Information Systems, 9(2), pp.242-267.Johnson, R., 2014. Traditional Costing Vs. Activity-Based Costing Chron.com. Available at http//smallbusiness.chron.com/traditional-costing-vs-activitybased-costing-33724.html Accessed March 24, 2017.Jones, T. C. and D. Dugdale. 2002. The ABC bandwagon and the juggernaut of modernity. Accounting, Organizations and Society 27(1-2) 121-163.Letza, S. and Gadd, K. 1994. Should Activity based Costing be Considered as the Costing M ethod of Choice for Total Quality Organizations?. The TQM Magazine, 6(5), pp.57-63.Martin, J. (n.d.). ABC vs TOC. online Maaw.info. Available at http//maaw.info/ArticleSummaries/ArtSumHolmen95.htm Accessed 28 March 2017.Meador, D. (n.d.). ABC Initiating Large-Scale Change at Chrysler The Systems Thinker. online The Systems Thinker. Available at https//thesystemsthinker.com/abc-initiating-large-scale-change-at-chrysler/ Accessed 28 Mar. 2017.Narong, D.K. 2009, Activity-Based Costing and Management Solutions to Traditional Shortcomings of Cost Accounting, Cost Engineering, 51, 8, pp. 11-22, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, Accessed 26 March 2017Singer, M. and Donoso, P. 2008. Empirical validation of an activity-based optimization system, International Journal of Production Economics, 113, pp.335-345The Economist. N.d. Activity-based costing. online Available at http//www.economist.com/node/13933812 Accessed 26 Mar. 2017.ABC WordPress. (n.d.). Activity-Based Costing (ABC). online Available at https//allearth.wordpress.com/education/cost/abc/ Accessed 30 Mar. 2017.

Presence Of Evil Shows God Doesnt Exist

Presence Of Evil Shows matinee idol Doesnt ExistEvil can be defined as anything that is painful, malicious or disastrous. There is much shabbiness in the orb, which can be split into either natural or moral evilness. Natural evil refers to wo(e) caused by natural disasters whereas moral evil refers to agony which has been caused by hu opus selfishness.1I believe that the public of these evils in the world disproves the existence of divinity. These evils would non exist if there was a perfectly good, both winning, almighty, wise paragon as He would want to prevent every evils and would be able to do so. In this essay I am going to look at the logical problem of evil, looking at the arguments put forward by Epicurus, Hume and Aquinas. I will in like manner look at the important problem of evil, in particular the arguments put forward by William L. Rowe and Paul Draper which support the aim that the existence of evil disproves the existence of beau ideal. I will als o look at Augustines and Irenaues theodicies against these arguments. Then finally I will look at problems with these theodicies and why I believe the existence of evil as tumesce as the existence of idol is incompatible.The logical problem of evil put forward by Epicurus states that evil could not exist if theology was all loving and omnipotent. Thus, because there is evil in the world God cannot exist. He argues that an all loving god would not tolerate the suffering of his creatures and so he would charter created a world in which this suffering does not exist in the first place, or would step in to prevent it.2Similarly if god was omnipotent he would have been able to create a universe without evil and suffering to begin with. therefore, the existence of evil in the world supports the claim that either God does not exist, or that he is either not omnipotent or not all loving.Humes also argued that the existence of evil in the world meant that God would need to be either n ot omnipotent or not all-loving. As it is not possible for God to be either of these things Humes cerebrate that God does not exist.Aquinas saw evil as the absence of good, or failure to achieve potential. In his book Summa Theologica, Aquinas states that the name of god means that He is infinite goodness. If, therefore God existed, there would be no evil discoverable but there is evil in the world. Therefore God does not exist.3This argument is similar to that of Epicurus and Humes, stating that the existence of evil in the world contradicts the idea of an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent god. Thus again supporting my claim that the existence of God is incompatible with the existence of evil in the world.There is also the evidential problem of evil which contends known facts about evil as evidence against the existence of God.4William L. Rowe argued that there exist instances of intense suffering which an omnipotent, omniscient being could have prevented without thereby losing whatever greater good or permitting some evil equally bad or worse.5He then goes on to argue that such a God would want to prevent such suffering and would be able to do so and concludes that because this kind of suffering exists then God cannot.The existence of gratuitous evil in the world can similarly be used to disprove the existence of God according to Paul Draper. Evil which is without apparent reason or justification would not exist if God existed as He would not allow it. Therefore because there are cases where gratuitous evil can be said to exist God does not exist.Theodicies have been put forward in an attempt to justify the existence of God alongside the presence of evil in the world. Augustine argued that Gods creation was faultless and perfect and that evil came from within the world.6As an explanation for the existence of evil in the world Augustine blamed the authorise of man from the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3). Disobeying God in the Garden of Eden is seen by Augusti ne as a moral evil leading to the evil within the world. The cause of this is free will and the allowance of man to have control over their actions and freedom of choice, including the ability to choose evil instead of good. Thus Augustine argues that God is still all loving, omniscient and omnipotent therefore he allows us to have free will and it is our fault we choose to do moral evil. To take away our free will would be unloving as it would take away our ability to choose good and to love God. Natural evil, on the other hand, can be seen as a instant of the disharmony of nature brought about by the fall.7The presence of evil does not necessarily disprove the existence of God according to Irenaeus. In his theodicy, Irenaeus attempts to justify the existence of evil as a sign of Gods goodness. He claims that evil and suffering in the world are useful as a means of knowledge, brisk for character-building and provide a predictable environment. It is claimed by Irenaeus that withou t the presence of evil these attributes would be unobtainable. Therefore an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent God has allowed for evil to exist as a means for humans to learn and ultimately reach perfection.Although providing a possible explanation of the existence of evil in a world created by an all loving, omniscient and omnipotent God, Augustines theodicy does have some problems. Firstly, the theory of natural selection could be seen to contradict the idea that the Garden of Eden existed in blissful ignorance as it relies upon the selfishness of creatures as vital to their survival.8Also, God must still be responsible for the evil that has come from within the world as he created it. An omniscient God would have been able to foresee the evil which would come about and have been able to prevent it. Augustine also claimed that we are all being punished for Eves actions in the Garden of Eden which contradicts the bible itself should the childrens teeth be set on edge because the Fathers have eaten sour grapes? (Jeremiah 3127-34). The existence of hell also shows that God must have foreseen the need for punishment therefore showing that God cannot be all loving and that mankind cannot be held fully responsible for the fall of man.Similarly, there are problems with Irenaeuss theodicy. The main issue with this theodicy is whether suffering and evil is really necessary in order to achieve the desired goals. Surely an all loving, omnipotent, omniscient God would be able to devise a way in which humans could learn and develop without the need for evil and suffering. It is also not in the nature of an all loving God to allow certain people to starve to death in order to provide the knowledge to others to feed them. I therefore do not believe that these theodocies provide a conclusive defence for the existence of evil alongside the existence of god in the world.In conclusion, throughout this essay I have attempted to prove why the existence of evil within the world shows us that God does not exist. By looking at the arguments of famous philosophers I have name evidence to support this claim. I have also looked at theodicies which disprove my argument and found possible errors with these arguments. I believe that the existence of an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent God is simply incompatible with the existence of evil. In order for evil to exist God cannot be all of these things, if God is not all of these things then he simply isnt God. Therefore God cannot exist. Although the existence of God and evil may not necessarily be logically and evidentially compatible, I believe that God is necessary for many people across the world to understand why evil and suffering occurs and to have someone to blame. Thus regardless of what evidence is available I dont think it would ever be completely possible to disprove the existence of God in its entirety as believers would still come up with situations in which an all loving, omniscient, omnipotent God would allow for the existence of evil.Word Count 1483

The Characteristics Of Culture Theology Religion Essay

The Characteristics Of finale Theology Religion EssayBiologi call upy speaking, we humans be favorable beingnesss. We need our parents to be born, and once that happens even though we are considered single individuals with a brain and mind that let us think and learn, we do non isolate ourselves from the rest of the people. On the contrary, all we do is to follow our peers.We gather in groups, and these groups constitute subgroups again. This is the basic method we follow to successfully organise and hold up our complaisant structure to satisfy our several needs.The first of these groups is our family, and from here we span to neighbourhoods communities of different kinds, that we joined establish on a particular interest, much(prenominal) as religious, sports, academic, musical, labour, political, ideological, etc. These groups grow in number to form states and then countries or nations.All these people together establish a society. Societies differ from atomic number 53 a nother and every(prenominal) single one of them is unique, particular and characterised for a plainive ingest that we call culture.Culture is that complex absoluteness that we learn day by day. It is everything with which we fill and give sense to our existence. The modality we wear, think, believe, act, speak, perceive are all framed and shaped by the ideas, concepts, values that are part of a circumstantial culture.Through culture we learn to adapt ourselves in this physical world, manipulating the available resources for our own welfare and we also shape our behaviour to turn away a affable chaos.Concepts of CultureCulture is neither natural nor artificial. It stems from neither genetics nor rational thought, for it is made up of rules of conduct, which were not invented and whose function is in general not understood by the people who obey them. Some of these rules are residues of traditions acquired in the different types of social structure through which each human gro up has passed. Other rules take a shit been consciously accepted or modified for the sake of specific goals. Yet there is no doubt that, between the instincts inherited from our genotype and the rules inspired by reason, the piling of unconscious rules remains more important and more effective beca mapping reason itself is a product rather than a cause of cultural evolution. Claude Lvi-Strauss, 1983.Culture means the unhurt complex of traditional behavior which has been developed by the human race and is successively learnt by each coevals. A culture is slight precise. It can mean the forms of traditional behavior which are characteristic of a given society, or of a group of societies, or of a certain race, or of a certain area, or of a certain period of time. Margaret Mead, 1937.Culture is the integral whole consisting of implements and consumers goods, of constitutional charters for the various social groupings, of human ideas and crafts, beliefs and customs. Whether we con sider a very simple or primitive culture or an extremely complex and developed one, we are confronted by a vast apparatus, part material, partly human, and partly spiritual, by which man is able to cope with the concrete specific problems that face him. Bronislaw Malinowski, 1944.Culture embraces all the manifestations of social behavior of a community, the reactions of the individual as modify by the habits of the groups in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits. Franz Boas, 1930.Characteristics of CultureCulture is learnt as soon as we are in contact with other members of our culture, we start learning all almost it therefore, we can assume that culture is learnt rather than inherited biologically. A human being will learn the culture of the society where he is raised thus, a person that is born in Australia would not practise the same culture if he had been born in Poland. In this context we are different from animals since they are biologically built in a way that they will know how to abide and act naturally even if they grew in isolation.Culture is shared if culture is learnt, we can state that it is also shared. We share all knowledge among the members of the same society. This way we pass on the standards of our culture along years keeping it alive. As we are social beings, we have a high tendency of sharing and this feature let us improve as a whole. By sharing we provide the necessary tools that are used for a gentle adaptation in all stages and environments we go through in our lives.Culture is integrated culture itself is not a single unit. It is a complex whole in which every feature that characterizes it has an important role that makes that culture distinctive and peculiar. All these features function integrated and not separately from one another. This way when a feature changes, it affects to the whole system making it also swift.Culture is dynamic there are some reasons such as population grow th, technological innovation, environmental crisis, intrusion of outsiders, allowance of behaviour, etc that have made cultures change. That is why cultures must be flexible and dynamic in order to adapt constantly to the new changes and avoid repression of his members.Culture is based on symbols culture has been transmitted among its members along the years through a set of different symbols. Symbols are then the instrument used to pass on culture and keep it alive from generation to generation, and language is the most important one.Functions of CultureAccording to Bronislaw Malinowski (1884 1942) the function of culture is to fulfill certain biological and psychological needs people share.Cultures are expected to fulfill certain functions in order to lead a society successfully and some of them might me stock warrant the biological continuity of its members.Provide practical means to pass on knowledge among members.Meet the psychological and emotional needs of its members.Being flexible abounding in order to survive the increasing shifting conditions.Offer strategies for the rational production and distribution of goods and services considered necessary for life.Provide an organised and diverse social structure so that all its members can fit in it and also understand the world in their own means.Facilitate social interactions among its members and offer mediocre ways to avoid or resolve conflicts that might rise within the group as well as with outsiders.Allow human beings to adapt the environment to their own purposes. Social interactions do not refer to only relationships among human beings but also and deeply with genius. The survival of all cultures depends on the way they use and treat nature.A well-working culture is the one that satisfies the different groups within the society as equally as achievable thus, its individual members can all have access to the resources available in the community and achieve their personal and collective goals. T his will avoid the members to feel unsafe and unattached therefore, they will not good fall into anti-social behaviours, such as violence, crime, suicide, depression, abuse of drugs, etc.Enculturation and AcculturationEvery single culture is learnt by their members and transmitted from person to person and from generation to generation to avoid its absolute disappearance. The most important instrument used to carry this out is language. The process of passing on knowledge among people is what we call enculturation. This process is vital to underwrite the survival of the culture, but it is also significant to do it in the most smoothly manner to avoid any open frame among members and also among the features of the culture being transmitted.Enculturation let us understand the past so that we can make a better sense of the posit and therefore plan a more sustainable future for the welfare of our species. This process also gives us the opportunity to find out more about ourselves ou r ancestors and origin where the way we think and perceive the world, our values and beliefs come from.When enculturation is carried out in the proper manner, the members of all cultures grow up closer to their past, renewing the core values that make their cultures unique and distinct from all others. They also grow up in an environment characterized by the deep pride of be to one particular culture and behave with strong ideas of maintaining their culture alive albeit the irrevocable changes they must go through.There is also another phenomenon that cultures might experience, consisting on the absorption of one culture over another one, called acculturation. This usually happens when industrialized or capital societies influence highly over traditional small societies to the promontory of modifying them completely. Once they are in contact, the former shapes and converts the latter one. The small society adopts the culture of the powerful one as the final outcome. This process is similar to that of colonization. It is especially more noticeable now that we live in a globalized world where the small societies are usually the most affected ones.Ethnocentrism and cultural relativismThere is generally a bad habit of criticising other peoples behaviour but most of all to judge the way other cultures function. When we find ourselves interacting with people from other cultures, or simply see it on the media we get surprised by the different manners they behave, think and express in similar situations. There is nothing wrongly with comparing cultures, in fact, this way we learn more about others and value ours, too. We must keep in mind that when comparing, we should adopt an unbiased position in order to understand the best way possible why other people do things in the way they do, and avoid unsupported preconceptions.The term that refers to what it is mentioned in the paragraph above is ethnocentrism the belief that the way that ones own culture functions is the only proper and correct one, while all others are wrong.In order to avoid making fast judgements or simply incorrect conclusions anthropologists, when studying cultures, always put into practice what they call cultural relativism which is the idea that we must suspend or postpone judgement of other peoples practices until we acquire a full understanding of the culture in which we are interested so as to understand them in their own cultural terms. It is important to clarify that in this process what it is done is to put off ones judgement towards another culture, it is neither precipitated nor cancelled. Through cultural relativism it is possible to hold our judgements and perceptions about the culture being observed to the last stage in order to take down accurate data and keep legitimate records furthermore, avoid preconceptions influenced by ethnocentrism.ConclusionAlong history not only humans have changed, but also the way we live. In our search for a better and more comfo rtable world for us to inhabit we have made an irrational and abusive use of natural resources. We have damaged nature to such extreme points to threaten our own survival. Most of the societies around the world, influenced by the western fashion have turned into very consumerist ones the ideas and values that used to mountain range societies together are now stirring political discomfort and creating social inequality because the leaders and members of our societies are more tented to achieve personal and individual net profit at any cost to work collectively so that every member can accomplish his personal and collective needs.The process of changing is unbeatable everything needs to keep changing constantly to stay alive therefore a culture that does not adjust its features simple disappears. The most important affected feature of a culture is its language. Language is that particular faculty that differentiates us from animals and makes us a unique and rational species.Through language we humans are able to express our feelings, thoughts, ideas and most importantly to transmit our culture from one generation into another one, assuring its survival along years. Many languages have already disappeared, mainly as a result of the process of acculturation and with the languages, also ways of thinking, expressing, seeing, perceiving are gone. This way the world becomes small and intrinsic, losing authenticity and variety provided for the distinct and diverse manners of receiving, understanding, analyzing, shaping and living this world.For a culture to survive is not enough to shift. It should do it in a way that it can guarantee that its members will satisfy their biological and social needs thus, the whole society will feel competent and safe therefore, it will behave proudly and in return to keep it alive.

Shakira is a Pop Poet :: essays research papers

The poem, Hips Dont Lie, represent for me, pop poetry of the highest qualityHips Dont LieLadies up in here tonight No struggle, no fighting We got the refugees up in here No fighting, no fighting Shakira, Shakira I neer really knew that she could dance like this She makes a man want to tell Spanish Como se llama, bonita, mi casa, su casa Shakira, Shakira Oh youngster when you talk like that You make a woman go mad So be wise and concord on Reading the signs of my body And Im on tonight You have my hips dont lie And Im starting to feel its right All the attraction, the tension Dont you see baby, this is perfection Hey Girl, I can see your body moving And its driving me crazy And I didnt have the slightest idea Until I saw you dancing And when you walk up on the dance floor Nobody cannot ignore the way you move your body, girl And everything so unexpected - the way you right and left it So you can agree on taking it I never really knew that she could dance like this She makes a man want to speak Spanish Como se llama, bonita, mi casa, su casa Shakira, Shakira Oh baby when you talk like that You make a woman go mad So be wise and keep on Reading the signs of my body And Im on tonight You know my hips dont lie And I am starting to feel you boy Come on lets go, real slow Dont you see baby asi es perfecto Oh I know I am on tonight my hips dont lie And Im starting to feel its right All the attraction, the tension Dont you see baby, this is perfection Shakira, Shakira Oh boy, I can see your body moving Half animal, half man I dont, dont really know what Im doing But you see to have a proposal My will and self restraint Have come to fail now, fail now See, I am doing what I can, but I cant so you know Thats a bit too hard to explain Baila en la calle de noche Baila en la calle de dia Baila en la calle de noche Baila en la calle de dia I never really knew that she could dance like this She makes a man want to speak Spanish Como se llama, bonita, mi casa, su casa

Understanding and Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect Essay -- Preventi

Childhood should be carefree, playing in the sun not living a nightmare in the darkness of the soul. -- Dave Pelzer, A Child Called ItChild subvert, the physical and/or emotional abuse of a child by a parent, guardian, or other person, is a major problem in the United States. Child abuse, including sexual abuse, beating, and murder have increase and it is believed that many cases go unreported. Another for of child abuse is child neglect, which includes malnutrition, desertion, and inadequate care for a child.Efforts have increased on the primary pr take downtion of child abuse. This must be started on many different levels before it can be successful. Prevention plans on a social level include increasing the economic self-sufficiency of families, preventing the birth of unwanted children, making health care to a greater extent accessible, expanding and improving coordination of social services, improving the identification and treatment of psychological problems, and alcohol and drug abuse, and providing more affordable child care. Prevention plans on the family level include helping parents meet their basic needs, identifying problems of substance abuse and spousals abuse, and educating parents about child behavior, discipline, safety, and development. immemorial prevention is to prevent the disease before it happens and reduce the chances of child abuse or negligence from happening.Between 1995 and today child abuse cases have increased by more than fifty percent. More than thirty-five percent of which were confirmed. Each year one hundred and sixty thousand children are do by severely, even to life threatening extents. One thousand to two thousand children are killed resulting form child abuse. One of twenty murder victims is a child. Murder is the after part leading cause of death in children from ages five to fourteen. The murder of a baby within the first twenty-four hours of life, Neonaticide, accounts for forty-five percent of childrens death. a pproximately child abuse occurs in the home and is started by someone who is known and trusted by the child. Abuse in day care center and harbor car settings are only a small part of confirmed cases, but are more widely publicized. In a household where spousal abuse takes place, child abuse is fifteen percent more likely to occur also. Children are three times more likely to be abused by father rather than mot... ...educationNumber of children-Identify families with problems ofSubstance abuseDomestic ViolenceMental health-Offer new parentsServices of a social role playerLong-term home visitationParenting classes-Educate new parents regardingDevelopmental tasks of childrenAge-appropriate anticipatory guidanceNutrition and feeding problemsSafetyDiscipline-Discourage corporal punishment-Survey parents to identity health issues that are of interest to them-Support universal health care for children-Advocate for community respite care for parents-Advocate for community alcohol and dru g treatment, mental health, and spouse and child abuse centers.Child abuse is a complex problem with many causes, it is important that people do not take a negative attitude toward its prevention. Although the absence seizure of strong evidence to guide preventive efforts, society can do things to try to prevent abuse. Showing concern for the parents or care givers and increasing attempts to get up their skills as parents or care givers may be able to help save our most vulnerable people, the children, from the nightmare of abuse and neglect.