The Ultimate Diagnosis Of Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Biomedical information sciences is an emerging field using information engineerings in medical attention. This interdisciplinary field bridges the clinical and genomic research by disputing computing machine solutions ( Mayer, 2012 ) . It is the scientific discipline of utilizing system analytic tools to develop algorithms for direction, procedure control, determination devising and scientific analysis of medical cognition ( Edward Shortliffe H, 2006 ) . It leads to the development of intelligent algorithms that can execute submitted undertakings and do determinations without human intercession. It focuses chiefly on algorithms needed for use and geting cognition from the information which distinguishes it from other medical subjects pulling research workers interested in cognition acquisition for adept systems in the biomedical field.Knowledge Discovery ProcedureThe term Knowledge Discovery in databases ( KDD ) has been adopted for a field of research covering with the automatic fin d of inexplicit information or cognition within databases ( Jiawei, et al. , 2008 ) . With the fast development and acceptance of informations aggregation methods including high throughput sequencing, electronic wellness records, and assorted imaging techniques, the wellness attention industry has accumulated a big sum of informations. KDD are progressively being applied in wellness attention for obtaining huge cognition by placing potentially valuable and apprehensible forms in the database. These forms can be utilized for farther research and rating of studies.Stairss in KDD ProcessThe chief challenge in KDD procedure is to detect, every bit much as possible utile forms from the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stairss in KDD procedure. Fig 1.2 KDD Procedure The overall procedure of happening and construing forms from informations involves the perennial application of the undermentioned stairss. 1. Datas choice 2. Data cleansing and preprocessing 3. Data decrease and projection 4. Datas excavation 5. Interpreting and measuring mined forms 6. Consolidating discovered cognitionData excavationData excavation, a cardinal undertaking in the KDD, plays a cardinal function in pull outing forms. Forms may be â€Å" similarities † or â€Å" regularities † in the information, â€Å" high-ranking information † or â€Å" cognition † implied by the informations ( Stutz J 1996 ) . The forms discovered depend upon the information excavation undertakings applied to the database. Figure 1.2 shows the stages in the information excavation procedure. Figure 1.3 Phases in the information excavation procedure The stages in the information excavation procedure to extort forms include Developing an apprehension of the application sphere Data geographic expedition Data readying Choosing the information excavation algorithms Modeling Mining forms Interpretation of forms Evaluation of consequences1.2.3 Development of informations excavationData excavation has evolved over three subjects viz. statistics, unreal intelligence ( AI ) and machine acquisition ( ML ) ( Becher. J. 2000 ) . Statistics forms the base for most engineerings, on which information excavation is built. The following subject, AI is the art of implementing human thought like treating to statistical jobs. The 3rd one ML can be exposed as the brotherhood of statistics and AI. Data excavation is basically the version of machine larning techniques to analyze informations and happen antecedently concealed tendencies or forms within. Figure 1.4 Development of informations excavation1.2.4 Machine acquisitionML is the construct which makes the computing machine plans learn and analyze the given informations they study, so that the plans themselves can be capable of doing different determinations based on the qualities of the studied informations. They have the capableness to automatically larn cognition from experience and other ways ( T, et al. , 2008 ) . They make usage of statistics for cardinal constructs adding more advanced AI heuristics and algorithms to accomplish its ends. ML has a broad assortment of applications in wellness attention. Clinical determination support systems are one among them.1.3 Clinical determination support systemsA clinical determination support system has been coined as an active cognition systems, which use two or more points of patient informations to bring forth case-specific advice [ ] . Clinical determination support systems ( CDSS ) assist doctors in the determination devising procedure. They give a 2nd sentiment in naming diseases therefore cut downing mistakes in diagnosing. They help the clinicians in early diagnosing, differential diagnosing and choosing proper intervention schemes without human intercession.Necessity of CDSSThe most important issue confronting a household doctor is the perfect diagnosing of the disease. As more intervention options are available it will go progressively of import to name them early. Although human determination devising is frequently optimum, the turning figure of patients together with clip restraints increases the emphasis and work burden for the doctors and decreases the quality attention offered by them to the patients. Having an adept nearby all clip to help in determination devising is non a executable solution. CDSS offers a executable solution by back uping doctors with a fast sentiment of what the diagnosing of the patient could be and ease to better nosologies in complex clinical state of affairss.Approachs for CDSSThere are two types of attacks for edifice CDSS, viz. those utilizing knowledge base and illation engine and those utilizing machine larning algorithms. ML systems are most preferable than regulation based systems. Table 1.1 shows the differences between regulation based and ML based systems. Difference between the two attacks for CDSS Rule based Systems ML based systems Synergistic hence slow Non synergistic hence fast Human resources are needed to do regulations at each measure in determination devising procedure Once the system is trained determination devising is done automatically without human intercession therefore salvaging adept human resources Knowledge base requires inference engine for geting cognition Non cognition base learn and update cognition through experienceML based CDSSML algorithms based systems are fast and effectual for a individual disease. Pattern acknowledgment is indispensable for the diagnosing of new diseases. ML plays a critical function in acknowledging forms in the information excavation procedure. It searches for the forms within the patient database. Searching and acknowledging forms in the biochemical province of morbid people is really relevant to understanding of how diseases manifest or drugs act. This information can be utilized for disease bar, disease direction, drug find therefore bettering wellness attention and wellness care.Requirements of a good CadmiumThe prognostic public presentation and generalisation power of CDSS plays a critical function in categorization of diseases. Typically high sensitiveness and specificity is required to govern out other diseases. This reduces subsequent diagnostic processs which causes extra attempts and costs for di fferential diagnosing of the disease. Additionally high prognostic truth, speedy processing, consequences reading and visual image of the consequences are besides compulsory for good showing systems.Common issues for CDSSIn CDSS systems determination devising can be seen as a procedure in which the algorithm at each measure selects a variable, learns and updates inference based on the variable and uses the new overall information to choose farther variables. Unfortunately finding which sequence carries the most diagnostic information is hard because the figure of possible sequences taking to rectify diagnosing is really big. Choosing good variables for categorization is a ambitious undertaking. Another practical job originating from the CDSS is handiness of necessary sample of patients with a confirmed diagnosing. If there were adequate sample from the population of given disease it would be possible to happen out assorted forms of the properties in the sample. The thesis addresses these two jobs individually.Organization of the thesisThe thesis is divided into 10 chapters Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Literature reappraisal Chapter 3: Motivation and aims of the work Chapter 4: Knowledge based analysis of supervised larning algorithms in disease sensing Chapter 5: SVM based CSSFFS Feature choice algorithm for observing chest malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 6: A Hybrid Feature Selection Method based on IGSBFS and NaA?ve Bayes for the Diagnosis of Erythemato – Squamous Diseases Chapter 8: A Combined CFS – SBS Approach for Choosing Predictive Genes to Detect Colon Cancer Chapter 9: A Hybrid SPR_Naive Bayes Algorithm to choose marker cistrons for observing malignant neoplastic disease Chapter 10: Hegs algorithm Chapter 11: LNS Semi Supervised Learning Algorithm for Detecting Breast Cancer Chapter 12: Decision and future sweetening.DrumheadChapter 2Literature reappraisalOverview of Machine larningMachine larning systems in wellness attentionAs medical information systems in modern infirmaries and medical establishments became larger and larger it causes greater troubles. The information base is more for disease sensing. Medical analysis utilizing machine larning techniques has been implemented for the last two decennaries. It has been proven that the benefits of presenting machine larning into medical analysis are to increase diagnostic truth, to cut down costs and to cut down human resources. The medical spheres in which ML has been used are diagnosing of acute appendicitis [ 27 ] , diagnosing of dermatological disease [ 28 ] , diagnosing of female urinary incontinency [ 29 ] , diagnosing of thyroid diseases [ 30 ] , happening cistrons in DNA [ 31 ] , outcome anticipation of patients with terrible caput hurt [ 32 ] , outcome patients of patients with terrible caput hu rt [ 33 ] , Xcyt, by Dr. Wolberg to accurately name chest multitudes based entirely on a Fine Needle Aspiration ( FNA ) [ 35 ] , anticipation of metabolic and respiratory acidosis in kids [ 34 ] , every bit good as associating clinical and neurophysiologic appraisal of spasticity [ 35 ] among many others. Mention [ 31 ] [ 103 ] .ML Systems procedureMachine acquisition typesApplications of MLML algorithmsCommon algorithmic issuesSolutions to the algorithmic issuesFeature choiceFeature choice has besides been used in the anticipation of molecular bioactivity in drug design [ 132 ] , and more late, in the analysis of the context of acknowledgment of functional site in DNA sequences [ 142, 72, 69 ] .Advantages of characteristic choiceImproved public presentation of categorization algorithms by taking irrelevant characteristics ( noise ) . Improved generalisation ability of the classifier by avoiding over-fitting ( larning a classifier that is excessively tailored to the preparation samples, but performs ill on other samples ) . By utilizing fewer characteristics, classifiers can be more efficient in clip and infinite. It allows us to better understand the sphere. It is cheaper to roll up and hive away informations based on a decreased characteristic set.Need for characteristic choiceFeature choice methodsPresently three major types of characteristic choice theoretical accounts have been intensively utilised for cistron choice and informations dimension decrease in microarray informations. They are filter theoretical accounts, wrapper theoretical accounts, and embedded theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Examples of filters are 2-statistic [ 5 ] , t-statistic [ 6 ] , ReliefF [ 7 ] , Information Gain [ 8 ] etc. Classical negligee algorithms include forward choice and backward riddance [ 4 ] . The 3rd group of choice strategy known as embedded attacks uses the inductive algorithm itself as the characteristic picker every bit good as classifier. Feature choice is really a byproduct of the categorization procedure. Examples are categorization trees such as ID3 [ 15 ] and C4.5 [ 16 ] . John, Kohavi and Pfleger [ 7 ] addressed the job of irrelevant characteristics and the subset choice job. Pudil, and Kittler [ 20 ] presented drifting hunt methods in characteristic choice. Blum and Langley [ 1 ] focused on two cardinal issues: the job of choosing relevant characteristics and the job of choosing relevant illustrations. Kohavi and John [ 24 ] introduced negligees for characteristic subset choice. Yang and Pedersen [ 27 ] evaluated document frequence ( DF ) , information addition ( IG ) , common information ( MI ) , a 2-test ( CHI ) and term strength ( TS ) ; and found IG and CHI to be the most effectual. Dash and Liu [ 4 ] gave a study of characteristic choice methods for categorization. Liu and Motoda [ 12 ] wrote their book on characteristic choice which offers an overview of the methods developed since the 1970s and provides a general model in order to analyze these methods and categorise them. Kira and Rendell ( 1992 ) described a statistical characteristic choice algorithm called RELIEF that uses case based larning to delegate a relevancy weight to each characteristic. Koller and Sahami ( 1996 ) examined a method for characteristic subset choice based on Information Theory. Jain and Zongker ( 1997 ) considered assorted characteristic subset choice algorithms and found that the consecutive forward drifting choice algorithm, proposed by Pudil, NovoviE†¡covA?a and Kittler ( 1994 ) , dominated the other algorithms tested. Yang and Honavar ( 1998 ) used a familial algorithm for characteristic subset choice. Weston, et Al. ( 2001 ) introduced a method of characteristic choice for SVMs. Xing, Jordan and Karp ( 2001 ) successfully applied characteristic choice methods ( utilizing a loanblend of filter and wrapper attacks ) to a categorization job in molecular biological science affecting merely 72 informations points in a 7130 dimensional infinite. Miller ( 2002 ) explained subset choice in arrested development. Forman ( 2003 ) presented an em pirical comparing of 12 characteristic choice methods. Guyon and Elisseeff ( 2003 ) gave an debut to variable and feature choice.FS in clinical informationsRessom et.al [ 3 ] gives an overview of statistical and machine learning-based characteristic choice and pattern categorization algorithms and their application in molecular malignant neoplastic disease categorization or phenotype anticipation. Their work does non affect experimental consequences. C.Y.V Watanabe et.al [ 4 ] , have devised a method called SACMiner aimed at chest malignant neoplastic disease sensing utilizing statistical association regulations. The method employs statistical association regulations to construct a categorization theoretical account. Their work classifies medical images and is non applicable to textual medical informations. Siegfried Nijssen et al. , [ 10 ] have presented their work on multi-class co-related form excavation. Their work resulted in the design of a new attack for point set excavation on informations from the UCI depository. Their comparing included merely the new attack designed and the extension of the Apriori algorithm. Their consequences reveal comparison chiefly on the runtime of the excavation attacks. T. Cover and P. Hart [ 11 ] performed categorization undertaking utilizing K- Nearest Neighbor categorization method. Their work shows that K-NN can be really accurate in categorization undertakings under certain specific fortunes. Their consequences reveal that for any figure of classs, the chance of mistake of the Nearest Neighbor regulation is bounded above by twice the Bayes chance of mistake. Aruna et.al [ 6 ] presented a comparing of categorization algorithms on the Wisconsin Breast Cancer and Breast tissue dataset but has non provided characteristic choice as a pre-classification status. Furthermore they have analyzed the categorization consequences of merely five categorization algorithms viz. NaA?ve Bayes, Support Vector Machines ( SVM ) , Radial Bas is Neural Networks ( RB-NN ) , Decision trees J48 and simple CART. Luxmi et. al. , [ 12 ] have performed a comparative survey on the public presentation of binary classifiers. They have used the Wisconsin chest malignant neoplastic disease dataset with 10 properties and non the chest tissue dataset. Furthermore they have non brought out the consequence of characteristic choice in categorization. Their experimental survey was restricted to four categorization algorithms viz. ID3, C4.5, K-NN and SVM. Their consequences did non uncover complete truth for any of the categorization algorithms.FS in genomic informationsFeature choice techniques are critical to the analysis of high dimensional datasets [ 1 ] . This is particularly true in cistron choice of microarrays because such datasets frequently contain a limited figure of preparation samples but big sum of characteristics, under the premise that merely several of which are strongly associated with the categorization undertaking while others are excess and noisy [ 2 ] . Previous research has proven cistron choice to be an effectual step in cut downing dimension to better the computational efficiency, taking irrelevant and noisy cistrons to better categorization and prognostic truth, and heightening interpretability that can assist place and supervise the mark disease or map types [ 3 ] . Gene look analysis is an illustration of a large-scale experiment, where one measures the written text of the familial information contained within the DNA into other merchandises, for illustration, courier RNA ( messenger RNA ) . By analyzing different degrees of messenger RNA activities of a cell, scientists learn how the cell alterations to react both to environmental stimulations and its ain demands. However, cistron look involves supervising the look degrees of 1000s of cistrons at the same time under a peculiar status. Microarray engineering makes this possible. A microarray is a tool for analysing cistron look. It consists of a little membrane or glass slide incorporating samples of many cistrons arranged in a regular form. Microarray analysis allows scientists to observe 1000s of cistrons in a little sample at the same time and to analyse the look of those cistrons. There are two chief types of microarray systems [ 35 ] : the complementary DNA microarrays developed in the Bro wn and Botstein Laboratory at Stanford [ 32 ] and the high-density oligonucleotide french friess from the Affymetrix company [ 73 ] Gene look informations from DNAmicroarrays are characterized by manymeasured variables ( cistrons ) on merely a few observations ( experiments ) , although both the figure of experiments and cistrons per experiment are turning quickly [ 82 ] . in [ 12 ] , cistrons selected by t-statistic were fed to a Bayesian probabilistic model for sample categorization. Olshen et al [ 85 ] suggested uniting t-statistic, Wilcoxon rank sum trial or the X2-statistic with a substitution based theoretical account to carry on cistron choice. Park et al built a marking system in [ 87 ] to delegate each cistron a mark based on preparation samples. Jaeger et al [ 51 ] designed three pre-filtering methods to recover groups of similar cistrons. Two of them are based on bunch and one is on correlativity. Thomas et Al in [ 121 ] , they presented a statistical arrested development patterning attack to detect cistrons that are differentially expressed between two categories of samples. to detect differentially expressed cistrons, Pan [ 86 ] compared t-statistic, the arrested development patterning attack against a mixture theoretical account attack proposed by him. Besides statistical steps, other dimension decrease methods were besides adopted to choose cistrons from look informations. Nguyen et al [ 82 ] proposed an analysis process for cistron look informations categorization, affecting dimension decrease utilizing partial least squares ( PLS ) and categorization utilizing logistic favoritism ( LD ) and quadratic discriminant analysis ( QDA ) . Furey et al [ 39 ] farther tested the efficiency of SVM on several other cistron look informations sets and besides obtained good consequences. Both of them selected prejudiced cistrons via signal-to-noise step. two new Bayesian categorization algorithms were investigated in Li et al [ 68 ] which automatically incor porated a characteristic choice procedure. Weston et al [ 131 ] incorporate characteristic choice into the learning process of SVM. The characteristic choice techniques they used included Pearson correlativity coefficients, Fisher standard mark, Kolmogorov-Smirnov trial and generalisation choice bounds from statistical larning theory. Traveling a measure farther, Guyon et al [ 43 ] presented an algorithm called recursive characteristic riddance ( RFE ) , by which characteristics were in turn eliminated during the preparation of a sequence of SVM classifiers. Gene choice was performed in [ 50 ] by a consecutive hunt engine, measuring the goodness of each cistron subset by a wrapper method. Another illustration of utilizing the negligee method was [ 67 ] , where Li et al combined a familial algorithm ( GA ) and the k-NN method to place a subset of cistrons that could jointly know apart between different categories of samples. Culhane et al [ 31 ] applied Between-Group Analysis ( BGA ) to microarray informations. A few published surveies have shown promising consequences for outcome anticipation utilizing cistron look profiles for certain diseases [ 102, 14, 129, 140, 88, and 60 ] . Cox relative jeopardy arrested development [ 30, 74 ] is a common method to analyze patient results. It has been used by Rosenwald et Al to analyze endurance after chemotherapy for diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma ( DLBCL ) patients [ 102 ] , and by Beer et Al to foretell patient out of lung glandular cancer [ 14 ] .Semi supervised larningWithin the machine larning community, a figure of semi-supervised larning algorithms have been introduced taking to better the public presentation of classifiers by utilizing big sums of unlabelled samples together with the labelled 1s [ 12 ] . The end of semi-supervised acquisition is to utilize bing labeled informations in concurrence with unlabelled informations to bring forth more accurate classifiers than utilizing the labeled information entirely. A good overview of semi-supervised acquisition is provided by [ 7 ] .SSL methodsSemi-supervised larning algorithms can be productive, discriminatory or a combination of both. Some popular semi supervised methods within the productive categorization model include co-training [ 2, 5 ] . and outlook maximization ( EM ) mixture theoretical accounts [ 9, 1 ] . As a generic ensemble larning model [ 20 ] , hiking plants via consecutive building a additive combination of base scholars, which appears unusually successful for supervised acquisition [ 21 ] . Boosting has been extended to SSL with different schemes. Semi-supervised Margin Boost [ 22 ] and ASSEMBLE [ 23 ] were proposed by presenting the â€Å" pseudo category † or the â€Å" pseudo label † constructs to an unlabelled point so that unlabelled points can be treated every bit same as labelled illustrations in the boosting process. Regularization has been employed in semi supervised larning to work unlabelled informat ions [ 8 ] . A figure of regularisation methods have been proposed based on a bunch or smoothness premise, which exploits unlabelled informations to regulate the determination boundary and hence affects the choice of larning hypotheses [ 9 – 14 ] . Working on a bunch or smoothness premise, most of the regularisation methods are of course inductive. On the other manus, the manifold premise has besides been applied for regularisation where the geometric construction behind labelled and unlabelled informations is explored with a graph-based representation. In such a representation, illustrations are expressed as the vertices and the brace wise similarity between illustrations is described as a leaden border. Therefore, graph-based algorithms make good usage of the manifold construction to propagate the known label information over the graph for labeling all nodes [ 15 – 19 ]DrumheadChapter 3Motivation and aims of the workMotivation of the workFrom the literature study it can be seen that the machine-controlled systems for disease sensing, unluckily merely sort types of tumours or used for differential diagnosing of the disease. They do non choose the enlightening characteristic which contains necessary information for disease sensing. Raw information is used for preparation. Categorization utilizing natural informations without any pre processing techniques is a arduous work for the classifiers. The truth of the excavation algorithms is affected by the redundant, irrelevant and noisy properties in the information set. Generalizations of the machine acquisition algorithms are influenced by the dimension of the information set. Preprocessing techniques like characteristic choice and characteristic extraction eliminates excess, irrelevant properties and reduces noise from the information identifies prognostic characteristics therefore cut downing dimension of the informations. Many of the surveies available in the literature uses feature extraction techniques which transforms the properties or combines two or more characteristics therefore bring forthing new characteristic. Some surveies available in the literature utilizing feature choice techniques used either filters or negligees for choosing needed characteristic subset. Typically, filter based algorithms do non optimise the categorization truth of the classifier straight, but effort to choose characteristics with certain sort of rating standard. Filters have good computational complexness. The advantages are that the algorithms are frequently fast and the selected cistrons are better generalized to unobserved informations categorization. Different from filters, the wrapper attack evaluates the selected characteristic subset harmonizing to their power to better sample categorization truth [ 9 ] . The categorization therefore is â€Å" cloaked † in the variable choice procedure. Wrappers yield high truth. Furthermore, extra stairss are needed to pull out the selected characteristics from the embedded algorithms. To harvest the advantages of both methods hybrid algorithms are of recent research involvement. The thesis addresses the job of characteristic choice for machine larning through assorted methods to choose minimum characteristic subset from the job sphere. A good characteristic can lend a batch to the categorization. The classifier ‘s true value depends on the ability to pull out information utile for determination support. Existing CDSS systems are developed utilizing supervised algorithms, they require a batch of labelled samples for constructing the initial theoretical account. Obtaining labelled samples are hard clip devouring and dearly-won. But unlabelled samples are abundant. Semi supervised algorithms are suited for this state of affairs. These systems do non pull out the cognition available in the unlabelled samples. SSL combines both labeled and unlabelled illustrations to bring forth an appropriate map or classifier. When the labeled informations are limited, the usage of cognition from unlabelled informations helps to better the public presentation. SSL algorithms use the cognition from the abundant unlabeled samples for constructing the theoretical account.Aims of the workBetter the quality of medical determination support systems. Bettering the prognostic power of classifiers utilizing characteristic choice algorithms. Elimination of redundant, irrelevant and noisy characteristics without losing the important features of the information sphere. Improve generalisation of classifiers. Reducing the complexness of the algorithms.Benefits of the research workThe developed theoretical accounts in this research shall help the clinicians to better their anticipation theoretical accounts for single patients. More dependable diagnosing. Quality services at low-cost costs can be provided. Poor clinical determinations can be eliminated.

How are Marco and Rodolpho initially presented in A View From the Bridge? Essay

From Marco’s first appearance on stage it is clear that Miller intended to portray him as cautious and respectful. In the stage directions, Miller describes him as â€Å"suspicious, tender†. The use of the word â€Å"suspicious† tells us that Marco is aware of the dangers he and his brother face as immigrants and as such trusts very few people. The word â€Å"tender† supports this idea as it implies that Marco is being careful about what he says as well as being careful to not overstep any boundaries, an idea further supported by the fact that he either sticks only to one or two word answers such as â€Å"thank you† or just nodding. The way Marco has been presented shows that he is very careful by nature and as such will obey those who are in charge. This is first demonstrated after the brothers enter the apartment. After addressing Beatrice, the first thing that Marco tells Eddie is that when â€Å" you (Eddie) say go, we will go†. Almost immediately after meeting the Carbone family Marco states that he will obey Eddies commands and in doing so establishes a hierarchy, in which Eddie is at the highest point. When asked about the condition of life in Italy Marco responds by saying it’s â€Å"bad†. Though on the surface this seems like a very basic description when taken into context it displays just how horrible conditions are there. Marco states that his eldest son is â€Å"sick in the chest† and that if he had stayed â€Å"they (the children) will never grow up†. These sentences show the suffering present in Italy and the fact that Marco doesn’t explicitly refer to the possibility of his children dying and rather only vaguely hints to it shows the fact that while he knows that it is a possibility he refuses to accept it. So when Marco describes the situation as â€Å"bad† what Miller is doing is allowing the audience to imagine for themselves just how bad the situation is. This explains why Marco has come to the US; he is trying to support his family back home and ensure their survival. When Rodolpho first sees the house he exclaims that he thought the Carbone’s â€Å"were poor†. This implies that Rodolpho is seeing their house as very big compared to what he would be used to, which shows just how poor Rodolpho’s family are. Additionally the way Miller has Rodolpho speak this line shows a lot about his character; Miller presents him as excitable and naive through the fact that while Marco is being quiet and careful Rodolpho is talking loudly and being playful. This idea is added onto when Rodolpho answers Catherine’s question about her appearance by saying the â€Å"Danes invaded Sicily†. This is clearly intended to be a joke and shows that Rodolpho is being playful with Catherine, and also hints to the fact that Rodolpho might be attracted to her. Miller adds to Rodolpho’s childlike nature when he has him describe life back in Sicily. While Marco describes the negativities of life back home Rodolpho decides to make it humorous describing how everything in the town â€Å"you gotta push†. His forwardness shows how naive he is. This is further demonstrated when he describes his reasons for coming to America. Rodolpho states that â€Å"when [he] is rich† he will â€Å"buy a motorcycle†. The fact that he says â€Å"when [he] is rich† shows just how little he has thought the plan through. Eddie has been working in America his entire life and is nowhere near being considered being rich, while Rodolpho just assumes he will be. Additionally, his dream of owning a â€Å"motorcycle† is what could be described as a young man’s dream i.e. a person in their youth further adding to the idea that Rodolpho is very childlike. In the relationship between Marco and Rodolpho, Miller makes it clear that Marco is the one with the authority. This is first shown when Marco says to Rodolpho â€Å"Shh! Come†. In this line it is clear that Marco is commanding Rodolpho and since he follows Marco’s commands we can assume that this is normal for them. Furthermore it is Marco who knocks on the door of the apartment implying it is he who takes responsibility. When Rodolpho mentions how he wants to own a motorbike, Marco replies by saying â€Å"when you have no wife you have dreams†. The use of the word dreams suggests that Marco sees Rodolpho’s ambition as unrealistic and as nothing more than just childish wishes. Additionally it could show that Marco sees Rodolpho as not having any responsibilities as he does not have a wife. Furthermore when Rodolpho is describing his first singing performance he states on having lived â€Å"six months on that night† to which Marco â€Å"nods doubtfully† and responds that they in fact only lived two months off the performance. The hyperbole made by Rodolpho seems to confirm the idea of him being a childish figure therefore making Marco the adult figure in the relationship. When Eddie questions Rodolpho about whether or not he â€Å"want[s] to be picked up† Marco replies by rising and saying â€Å"no – no†. Marco’s dominance is displayed by the fact that he replies for Rodolpho and because of the fact that he does it so quickly. Additionally he then goes on to tell Rodolpho â€Å"you’ll be quiet† and the use of an imperative further demonstrated the dominance Marco has over Rodolpho. When Catherine sees Rodolpho she questions him â€Å"wondrously† about his complexion. Wondrously shows that Catherine is intrigued by Rodolpho’s appearance as well as possibly hinting to the fact that she finds him attractive and is curious about him. Furthermore she then exclaims to Beatrice that he is â€Å"practically blond† again showing her interest in him. Additionally Miller heavily suggests Catherine’s interest toward Rodolpho when she is described as asking him whether he’s â€Å"married too†. What this does is show to the audience that Catherine is very interested in Rodolpho and is already considering starting a relationship with him. When Miller describes Eddie as coming to â€Å"address Marco only† what he is doing is showing the audience the start of Eddies disapproval of Rodolpho. This all stems from the fact that in Eddie’s eyes he sees Marco as a real man, strong and masculine, whereas Rodolpho is seen as weak and effeminate. This is added onto when Eddie interrupts Rodolpho’s singing and says â€Å"we never had no singers here†. While this may just be concern for him it could also be interpreted as Eddie being jealous of all the attention Roldolpho is receiving and so purposefully stopped him. In contrast Catherine responds to Eddie’s interruption by saying â€Å"leave him finish†. The fact that Catherine, who had prior to this point been entirely dependant on Eddie’s opinions, goes against Eddie’s wishes is significant and shows just how deep her attraction for Rodolpho goes.

CSR – Fast Food Industry

Since the late 1960's and early 1970's, the term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† has come into common. The concept of CSR has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, CSR may have confused many corporations whether CSR brings benefits to the corporations, whether it is worthwhile to contribute organizational resources to CSR. Different studies have brought different answers to those questions. In the following paragraphs, we will briefly discuss whether CSR are necessary and the effectiveness of CSR. As the competitors have started showing they are socially responsible, it becomes necessary for a fast food corporation to consider the need and importance of CSR if it wants to stay at an advantaged position in the fast food industry. As consumers have more choices due to globalization and consider more today, it may be necessary for a corporation to show it is socially responsible to attract consumers. According to Scalet and Kelly (2010), people are demanding CSR, the market incentives are following consumer preferences for CSR activities and the market is producing it. In related to the fast food industry, Schroder and McEachern(2005) ‘s research suggests that â€Å"Most respondents favoured an involvement of global fast-food companies in CSR, whether in the context of providing healthy choices, assuring animal welfare or the sponsoring of community activities. They also suggest that fast-food retailers for example McDonald’s and KFC should emphasize on customer health, food quality and CSR activities in order to maintain and have new customers. On the other hand, some studies argue CSR may not be helpful in developing corporations’ brand and gaining advantages. Nicola (2007) describes â€Å"awareness of CR policies is low† and â€Å"consumers do not act on their beliefs about CR – they will continue to buy brands they know to be irresponsible. Product quality and consumer fairness are more important than CSR in consumers’ mind, most consumers agree corporations should have CSR, but only one-third of them consider CSR when shopping and not more than 4% would really not purchase a product due to the corporation's ethical policy (Peter 2007). John (2006) mentions Milton Friedman, the famous economist, has said â€Å"few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible†. Corporation should not have conscience like a human being as a corporation's nature is to maximize returns to its shareholder without breaching the law. These perspectives supporting the need of CSR show the consumers today choose our products not only depending on the quality of our products and service, but also depending on our contribution to CSR activities. As the whole market is producing it, a corporation has to fulfill the consumer demand of CSR in order to remain competitive. However, it assumes consumers are rational and act like what they think about CSR. In fact, consumers are not always rational and their consuming behavior may not consist with their thought. At the same time, there are some other perspectives showing the corporation contribution to CSR may be useless in gaining advantages. It strongly states that consumers focus much more on the product quality and consumer fairness, rather than CSR. Even the consumers know the corporation is irresponsible, they would still buy its products. It makes CSR seems to be less important than what scholars have described. However, CSR not gaining advantages to the corporation doesn’t mean not gaining advantages to the society. As a responsible corporation, it should have a conscience to keep on committing itself to CSR activities. These perspectives focus too much on what a corporation can gain from a society, but not on what a corporation can give to the society. Only obeying to the law is not enough for a responsible corporation. In conclusion, different perspectives may have certain strengths as well as weaknesses in their arguments. These perspectives supporting CSR provide a clear picture of the necessity of CSR by showing the consumers’ demand for CSR activities and indicating fast food corporations should have more CSR activities to maintain their competitiveness. However, it ignores the fact that consumers are not always rational and they may behave differ from what they think. Those perspectives questioning the effectiveness of CSR place a strong emphasis on that fact that CSR is not consumers' priority and the role of a corporation is to maximum profits. However, it focuses too much on the benefits of the corporation rather than the benefits of the society as it puts the role of corporations in a too utilitarian position. On the whole, although we understand much about CSR through the process of analyzing different claims, it is still hard to have a clear conclusion on those perspectives as obvious contradictory findings do exist and it may need a further research.

SHOULD DRUGS BE BANNED Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SHOULD DRUGS BE BANNED - Essay Example Production of illegal drugs occurs mainly in underdeveloped countries where poor farmers are exploited by drug traffickers. Drug production business causes several environmental damages and involves a high rate of corruption and criminal activities. Recent technological advancements like electronic money laundering have enabled drug traffickers to earn huge profits. Even in those countries which are economically benefitted by the drug production business the problems created by these drug traffickers more often debilitates these benefits and the growth of the country. Among the drugs the illegal trade of cocaine and marijuana has spread from urban cities to small rural towns. The use of these drugs has stabilized at high rates and is affecting the health and safety of the American population. It has also increased the rate of violent and criminal activities associated with drug trafficking. Trafficking of these drugs by Mexican, Columbian and Canadian organizations has increased over the past years. In addition media, internet and groups favoring legalization of these drugs have increased the popularity and sale of these drugs (Almanac of Policy Issues, 2004). On a health basis large consumption of illicit drugs has adverse effects on the health such as birth defects, poor performance in academics, negative psychological effects such as anger, excitement and aggression, neurological problems in case of drug overdose and involvement in criminal and violent activities. Consumption of harder drugs such as crack cocaine is associated with severe psychological and pharmacological effects and has increased the emergency hospital admissions related to its use. Consumption of illegal drugs also affects social relations of individuals and increases the rate of accidents and other disasters. It also causes unnecessary financial burden both for the individual and the government which spends for police, military, and expenditure for treatment and welfare programs. Another major concern in the recent years has been the rise of HIV related infections among those using drug injections (UNRISD, 1994). Drug trade can be controlled by law and order measures , effective government regulatory policies and strategies, provision of alternative opportunities of income generation for farmers involved in the production of these drugs, implementing harsh sanctions on consumers, and designing effective awareness strategies can all help to reduce the demand for illicit drugs (UNRISD, 1994). In his message against drug abuse and trafficking, the Secretary General of the United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon has called for a concerted effort by governments, law and order, society and the media to promote greater awareness about the potential harmful effects of these drugs. He further added that providing alternative work opportunities for farmers could help bring about a change. Ban also cited the drug rehabilitation program offered at a center in northern Italy which had changed the lives of nearly 1200 men and women (Chakwe, 2013). In an earlier report Ban cited the pathetic state of the Afghan people, a majority of whom are involved in drug production an d trafficking and called for the need of vigilant law enforcement measures to

Creativity, Innovation & Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Creativity, Innovation & Sustainability - Essay Example Unless creativity is encouraged on universal level, the world’s resources will continue to decline causing a danger to the sustainable development and increasing miseries and challenges for the generations to come. Past research has shown that there exists a link between personal creativity and an ability to gain the competitive advantage in business. In a study conducted by (Quporsi, 2010), competitive advantage was considered as the dependent variable whereas the marketing innovation and creativity was chosen as independent variable. The latter was found to have a significant impact on the former when varied in the selected sample of workers in Jordanian banks. Economic strength is fundamental to the flourishment of business. Economic strength can only be enhanced by devising new and creative ways of doing business that ensure a continuous and uninterrupted supply of services to the consumers like online banking and shopping. Some of the key management issues that are encountered in the way of fostering creativity and innovation process are the fundamental characteristics and the structure of the strategy designed to achieve innovation, management of the ever existing uncertainty, and above all, the human resources. Introducing innovation and creativity in the culture of an organization requires the managers to earn the confidence of all personnel involved in the process that assume responsible positions in the core structure of the organizational hierarchy. The concept of innovation and creativity is intrinsically opposite to the conventional rules, principles and norms prevalent in the culture of the organization and therefore, is likely to be criticized by those who are indeed, required to be active players of implementation of the measures taken for achieving creativity. An organization is dependent upon its staff for achieving its short and long term objectives. Its culture is influenced by the way

Discuss Constantine, his Conversion to Christianity and the end of the Essay - 1

Discuss Constantine, his Conversion to Christianity and the end of the Roman Empire - Essay Example However, in the Roman Empire the government distrusted Christians and this implied that they were the minority in a society that was filled with pagans. During this period, the Christians followed the Christian way of life by obeying authorities such as bishops and the rule of law, but they refused to abide by the customs of the pagans. The government was filled with pagans, and this prompted it to single out the Christians, but they held on strongly to Christianity and they were not moved by the constant harassments they underwent. This scenario prompted Christians to be killed and continued to unite them further in their fight to be allowed freedom of worship. Prior to the end of the roman empire Diocletian, who was an emperor during this time declared Christianity as forbidden and churches were demolished. In addition to this, Christians were denied their legal rights all in the efforts of completely removing Christianity from the society. Around the year 299, disruption of the pagan rituals and burning of the Diocletian’s palace caused many Christians to be killed since they were blamed for these occurrences. However, the persecutions did not completely destroy Christianity, and this is the time when Constantine took up the fight to restore Christianity because he was disturbed by the persecution they underwent. Constantine had encountered many of the harassments against Christians since he was brought up in Diocletian’s court and he found them disturbing. Before the battle between the Christians and pagans at the Milvian Bridge, he had a dream where God instructed on how they would encounter the pagans. During this time, he was not a Christian, but he had a vow that if he won this battle he would fight for Christians for the rest of his reign. His mother was a Christian and she had instilled Christianity values in him, so he had the zeal to fight for their rights. The Christians won this battle, and he believed that God

Read the requirment carefully and finish on time Essay

Read the requirment carefully and finish on time - Essay Example 59). According to the company’s handbook (1935, p 10), the company began its business by erecting numerous roadside dangers and other warning signs. The company was in charge of road signs until early 1930s when the local authorities took control of the signs. The achievements gained by the company were destroyed when most of their road signs were destroyed during the Second World War. By then, the company had erected approximately 6,500 direction signs and 15,000 village signs (The Automobile Association Handbook). The company published an AA Member’s Special Handbook in 1908. By using the handbook, the company’s clients could find the location of AA agents across the country and mechanics. The clients also received free legal services for one year (Passmore 2003, p. 62). The company has grown from a small company to become on the leading companies in the world. The motor insurance service has grown to become one of the largest in London and the United Kingdom a t large. The insurance industry is experiencing growth that is generated by new entrants with new products and way of doing things. It is due to these factors that the company needs to explore means of ensuring that it remains among the best service providers in this industry. SWOT Analysis Strengths The Automobile Association has various strengths that it can exploit to gain a competitive edge in the market. The first strength the company has built over the years is its reputation of being reliable in providing services. The company’s clients need not worry when they are in some form of discomfort since they trust in the company to deliver. The company is also renowned for having qualified and competent staff. This includes qualified mechanics for the garage sections and the staff in other areas. Weaknesses Despite having the above notable strengths, the company also has some weaknesses that can be exploited by the competitors. The competitors in the British market arise fro m firms such as RAC and Green Flag and Direct Line and a host of many other small players (Harison & John, 2008). The second placed RAC is becoming a serious threat to the existence of the company. The company offers all the services that the Automobile Association offers in addition to security services. This therefore means that the company has a more complete package than the Automobile Association even though they are still young in client size. The second weakness of the company is the high employee turnover. On one hand, the rivals lure some of the employees away from the company with huge salaries. Since the Automobile Association is renowned for having top class employees, the competitors target these employees instead of struggling to breed their own. On the other hand, some of the employees such as mechanics use the money from their savings to open their own businesses using the reputation of having worked for the Automobile Association. Opportunities The current economic condition is tough on some people. This people however require motor insurance and other related services. These types of people will therefore look for cheaper options that also provide quality and reliable services. The company can gain from such people by introducing products for all classes of people. The other option that could be more profitable is for the company to merge with one of the competitors such as RAC. This would

Autobiographical Transformation as a Child to an Adult Essay

Autobiographical Transformation as a Child to an Adult - Essay Example My transformation as a child to an adult was in a Toronto suburb as an only son in a family of eight. What made me grow up differently from my siblings was that I always had a carefree and, sometimes, quite reckless mindset towards life. While my seven sisters were either doing their homework or doing house chores, there I was, running up and down my neighborhood searching for stray dogs to terrorize and play football with the neighborhood children. My father, who had waited patiently for a son until I was born, always referred to me as a waste of life, although my mother always defended me. My father was adamant that I was the family’s hope but, at nine, you rarely see yourself as anyone’s hope, so our relationship was a mess. In the summer of 1996, I arrived home from school to a rude shock. My father, finally fed up, had made a decision of leaving my mother and marrying his black mistress who already had his son. When my mother refused to grant him custody of any of us, he seemed quite relieved. I could tell this because, by then, I had begun looking at people and observing their facial expressions. My father could not bear to look at us, but I always knew my mother’s housewife routine had gotten to him. This is an autobiographical paper that discussing the people, places, events, and experiences that have influenced my culture, social class, gender, religion and sexual orientation. Race Growing up as a child, my neighborhood, was predominantly white. However, some of my friends were not white; for example, my best friend’s family had emigrated from Papua New Guinea. My feelings towards racial minorities were non-existent during my childhood, as I even went to my friend’s house for dinner and â€Å"homework†. As I became older, however, I began to have a different outlook towards other races, especially African Canadians. While my attitude was not racist, I had a hard time convincing myself that not all black people were like the woman who took my father away from my mother. I met her once during a school trip to the zoo, as she clung to my father’s arm and I was afraid of talking my black friends after that. However, when I joined high school, my attitude took another turn when I met a black girl who had emigrated from Tanzania. I was amazed at how different she was from what I had envisioned black women to be growing up, and watching my mother struggle as a single mum. When I met my father’s new partner at the zoo, she had sneered at me, which had given me the impression that this was a â€Å"black thing†. However, with Aisha, she had the most loving face I had ever seen. Going to college saw me meet more black people and my attitude by then had changed to one of inclusiveness. This was brought on by my comprehension that we were all after the same things in life. Social Class When I was growing up in a middle-class suburb, my interaction with lower class citizens was lim ited to the mall and school. I remember I always had a â€Å"keep away† attitude towards them. This was informed by an incident where my sister was robbed and almost raped coming from her boyfriend’s house across the rail tracks. I remember my mother being livid that her boyfriend had not even had the courtesy to come and explain the situation. From that day, she forbids us from mixing with those â€Å"uncivilized folk†. When I was ten, my friends and I came up against a gang of youth from the ghetto as we scurried after a stray dog. While they did not beat us as they took our clothes and the little money we had, I still remember their â€Å"rich kids† taunts. I did not consider myself a rich kid at that point since my parents had to take care of eight siblings, so I began to wonder what these rich kids could have done to deserve this kind of treatment. When I joined High School, I came to the realization that the rich kids were not very different from us .

International HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International HRM - Essay Example It is a given fact that different forms of expatriate assignments are very important to any corporation that has presence in different nations for functional success (Adler, 1983). Incorporating any expatriate to the functional as well as the developmental environment of an organization is also necessary to ensure that expatriate has a healthy working atmosphere around him or her. Many researchers and HR professionals are interested in understanding how to facilitate expatriate adjustment in order to make sure that the global projects that invariably involved a considerable amount of investment prove to be successful. Many different factors are involved in expatriate adjustment and it is the responsibility of the human resources management to facilitate this process. This study aims to explore the various actions that the HR can take to facilitate expatriate adjustment in a smooth manner. Many researches from consultancies (GMAC, 2006) have shown a consistent and substantial growth i n the number of people who have been sent abroad by their employee. In light of this, it is necessary to understand the different ways in which an organization can ease the process and make it comfortable for the employees to adjust to a different country and organizational set up. According to the model of international adjustment developed by Black, Mendenhall and Oddou (1991), expatriate adjustment has three inherent domains; one is adjustment to an overseas workplace, adjustment to interacting with the host nationals and adjustment to the overseas work atmosphere. As per the research done by Navas et al (2007), there are six domains that are crucial in expatriate adjustment, and they are politics and government, work, economics, social relations, family relations and ideology. According to Navas, the domains are listed based on the increasing resistance to change. For example, employees would easily adjust to the government rules, work, economics and so on, but they would not ea sily adjust the belief, value systems and ideology of the host country. The Human Resources department can decide on working on each of these aspects based on the tenure as well as the previous experience of the employees. Expatriate adjustment has a good influence on the performance of the employees and if there are, some issues related to adjustment there are high chances that the performance may get affected in various degrees. In this study, the various factors that need to be addressed by the HR in order to ensure a smooth a transition. Choice of the Right Person Before the decision related to selecting an employee for an expatriate assignment is made, it is necessary to explore different aspects. One such aspect is flexibility. It is necessary to understand the level of flexibility that an employee brings in to the organization (Feldman and Thompson, 1993). If an employee finds it difficult to work in different groups or teams within the same organization in the same location, there are chances that he or she may find it even more difficult to adjust in a foreign location. Hence, the HR personnel should ensure that the person has displayed a good amount of flexibility in their current roles before sending them for an overseas assignment. It is also important to understand the manner in which employee responds to change in the organization. In addition, it is also necessary to test the aptitude of the person to live abroad. The employee should be open to the idea of living in another country for the fixed tenure. In

Criticize the attached research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effect of Supervisors Beliefs on the Supervision System in Turkish Primary Schools - Essay Example If the research reveals something more than what the previous researchers have revealed, then the research can be called as successful. Otherwise, it remains just an experiment with no new insights on the topic. Similarly, the research on the ‘beliefs of supervisors in primary schools of Turkey’ revealed nothing new about the research topic. After reading the article, the reader feels that the researchers should have widened the scope of the participants and the subject matter if they were to learn something more than what is already available in the existing literature on the topic. It feels as if something was missing in the research and makes the reader feel that the study was incomplete. The Positive Aspects Of The Research The authors have done an excellent job in giving the background of the research. The authors have beautifully explained why the research is being conducted and how the beliefs of the supervisors play an important role in the performance and develo pment of the educational organizations in Turkey. According to the research by Sullivan and Glanz (2005), the supervision beliefs of supervisors influence not only their behavior and approach towards work but also their language and communication pattern. Hence, understanding their beliefs about supervision becomes an important thing. According to the authors, the main aim of the research is to know the core of the supervision. As beliefs of human being determine the â€Å"views and perceptions† of the job they are doing, it is important to know what work method they believe in so as to understand their drive and motivation behind their performance at work. The authors have very successfully explained the reason behind undertaking the research and how the research results are going to impact the overall function of supervision in the primary schools of Turkey. Moreover, the sample strength of the research of 300 primary school supervisors was also a positive point of the rese arch. Also, the research was based on the classification of beliefs of supervision by Sullivan and Glanz (2005). They have classified beliefs of supervision in two categories, i.e. ‘bureaucratic supervisory beliefs’ and ‘democratic supervisory beliefs’. The authors have explained how these beliefs affect the communication between supervisors and teachers, and the job satisfaction of the teachers.  

Matter and Materials Physics Assignment Essay Example for Free

Matter and Materials Physics Assignment Essay Matter and Materials Part 1 Here is a list of definitions of important terms, with the sources of information in brackets: Tensile Stress (1) Tensile stress is the tensional force acting on a solid per unit cross-sectional area. It is represented by the symbol ? and is measured in N m-2 or Pa. (They are the same thing). Formula: ? = F / A Strain (1) The tensile strain is calculated by dividing the extension produced in a solid (i.e. a wire) under tension, by its original length. It is represented by the symbol ? and has no units. (It is a length divided by a length). Formula: ? = e / l The Young Modulus (1) The Young Modulus is a means by which we can measure a materials relative resistance to tensional force. If a material obeys Hookes Law (as most of them do, at least to an extent) then the tensile stress is proportional to the tensile strain, and the ratio of stress to strain is a constant, which is characteristic of a material. This is called the Young Modulus, and it is calculated by dividing tensile stress by tensile strain. It is represented by the symbol E, and is measured in N m-2 or Pa, as we divide a measurement in Pa by one with no units. Formula: E = ? / ? , or E = F l / A e. Density (1) Density, a characteristic of a material, is defined as mass per unit volume, and is a measure of relative massiveness of a material. Density is represented by the symbol ? and is measured in kg m-3. Formula: ? = m / V Stiff (1) The stiffer a material is, the more difficult it is to be deformed (have its shape or size changed) by a force. Plastic (1) A material is said to be plastic if, when you deform it, it stays in the new shape after the force is released. Elastic (1) If a material is elastic, then it will return to its original shape after being deformed. This is the opposite of plastic. Brittle (1) A brittle material does not change shape at all when a deforming force is applied. It eventually breaks without warning, and the pieces can be fitted back together. Ductile (1) A material is ductile when it can be deformed by a large, steadily applied force. Most economic metals are ductile- they can be drawn out into wire, for example. Tensile Strength (2) The Tensile Strength, or Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of a material, is the amount of tensile stress a material can take just before snapping. It is measured in N m-2 or Pa. Yield Stress (1) The Yield Stress is the amount of tensile stress required for a material to yield. Certain materials, for example mild steel, when under sufficient stress, begin to extend at a very fast rate without additional pressure being applied. This is caused by the materials internal structure losing its integrity. The crystal planes within the metal can slide past each other, and the material becomes completely plastic for a time, but then breaks if any more force is applied. Information Sources 1: A students review notes, found on the college intranet. Address: https://195.195.14.1/intranet/physics/mod_3/12_2_solids/matter/matter.htm 2: Microsoft Encarta 99 Encyclopedia Tensile Strength All of my evidence is in Appendix 1 of the assignment. Information about a metal Aluminium is a very light metal, with a melting point of 660à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and a boiling point of 2467à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. It is highly electropositive and reactive, and it is this property that makes it extremely resistant to corrosion- on contact with air it rapidly forms a skin of aluminium oxide, which resists any further chemical corrosion. Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the Earths crust, but most of it is contained within complex silicate minerals, from which it is far too expensive to extract. The main source of Aluminium is Bauxite, which is an impure aluminium oxide ore. Part 2 I have been given data for the force and extension from stretching a wire, and the original length and diameter as constants. The formula for the Young Modulus is E = F l / A e , so I will have to manipulate the formula into a graph. If I made a graph of F against e, the gradient would be equal to F / e. Multiplying this by the l / A would give me the Young Modulus. Calculation for the Area A = ? d2 / 4 A = ? (1.0010-3)2 / 4 = 7.8510-7 m2 Therefore l / A = 3.00 / 7.8510-7 = 3.82106 m-1 Below is the spreadsheet data I downloaded. To the right is the graph I constructed from the data.

Anthony Davis Essay Example for Free

Anthony Davis Essay My research is on the subject of Anthony Davis Jr. He was born on March 11, 1993. He was born in Chicago; Illinois. Davis is the son of Anthony Davis Sr. and Erainer Davis. He has a twin sister, Antoinette and an older sister, Iesha who also plays basketball at Daley College. He attended Perspectives charter since the sixth grade. He is a freshman that attends Kentucky State University. He was voted â€Å"National Player of the Year,† and â€Å"2012 SEC Newcomer of the Year. † Davis is very committed to his team who is coached by John Calipari; he was being mentioned as the NBA draft first overall selection in the 2012 NBA Draft. His team plays in the SEC (Southeastern conference). He plays forward-center and is number 23 on the Kentucky Wildcats. His team won the 2012 NCAA championship.Anthony is a tremendous shot blocker with great size and length. He can make 3-pointers, dribble the ball and he can get up and down the court faster than some of our guards because of his long, looping strides. Hes a different player than Marcus Camby, but hes physically ahead of where Marcus was to start his freshman season. Head coach John Calipari. Davis was named as one of the finalists for the 2012 Olympic basketball team. Davis would be the first American player since Emeka Okafor (2004 Athens Games) to have competed in the Olympics without any NBA experience. On October 20, 2011, Davis was one of three Kentucky Wildcats named to the 12-man pre-season watch list for the 2012 Wayman Tisdale Award. In late February, Dick Vitale mentioned that it could be possible that Davis might complete the mens college basketball awards Grand Slam of National Player of the Year, No.1 Overall Pick in the Upcoming Draft, Defensive Player of the Year, and Freshman of the Year. He was the second freshman to receive the MVP award.

Optical and Surface Studies of α-Al2O3 Powders

Optical and Surface Studies of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 Powders X-Ray Diffraction, Optical and surface studies of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders synthesized via single step solution combustion method ABSTRACT ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders were synthesized at 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C via solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique using urea as an organic fuel. The sample was characterized by X- ray diffraction (XRD), Optical spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) without any further thermal treatment. XRD study reveals that sample crystallized directly in the hexagonal ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 phase from combustion reaction. Average crystallite size of 37.6 nm was calculated using Debye-Scherrer’s formula. A band gap of 5.68 eV was estimated using diffuse reflectance spectra. Under various UV excitations (260 nm and 400 nm), the sample exhibits a strong emission peak at 693 nm. For surface investigation X-ray photo electron spectroscopy of sample was carried out. XPS survey scan of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 reveals that no other impurity phases were present in the as synthesized sample which supports the results obtained from XRD. Further to understand the chemical states of Al and O, core level spectra of Al -2s and O-1s were studied. INTRODUCTION Among all the known crystallographic phases of alumina, ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 is the only stable phase. It represents a ceramic material with a large number of technological importances. This is mainly due to its versatile properties, such as: high melting point, thermal shock resistance, excellent mechanical strength at room temperature and high temperature, large band-gap, hardness and abrasion resistance, chemical inertness [1]. These extra ordinary properties are responsible for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 to be used in various applications such as spark-plugs, ballistic armours [2], abrasives, bioceramics [3], cutting tools [4], electronic components and substrates [5], thermo luminescent dosimeters [6], refractory materials, composite materials [7]. Moreover the compounds and composites of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 also have wide range of applications in various industrial areas such as high-density ceramics [8, 9], biocompatible ceramics [10], and thermal barrier coatings with low thermal conductivities [11, 12]. The h igh temperature-resistant of Al2O3 coatings have various applications in space and energy production technologies [13]. Since 1961 polycrystalline transparent alumina (Al2O3) has found various optical applications [14]. Single phase ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 nanopowders are also important component for solid state fabrication of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) transparent laser ceramics [15, 16]. There are several techniques used for the synthesis of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. In literature there are reports available for the synthesis of single-phase ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders using urea [1, 17–19], carbohydrazide [20] or hydrazine [21] as fuels, without any further heat treatments. Several authors have reported two step method for the synthesis of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 such as reverse micelle [22], sol–gel processing [23], flame spray pyrolysis [24] which require calcinations at 1000–1100 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C to obtain completely phase pure ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. In the present paper, we report the optical and surface properties of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder by the low temperature solution combustion synthesis (SCS) technique. Urea was used as an organic fuel for combustion because it has proven to be the best fuel for combustion of aluminum nitrate [1, 17]. EXPERIMENTAL ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders were synthesized by low temperature solution combustion synthesis (SCS) using urea as a fuel. The starting materials for the synthesis of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 were high-purity aluminum nitrate nonahydrate [Al (NO3)3.9H2O] and urea (H2NCONH2) from Merck Chemicals, India. The reagents were weighed according to the chemical reaction given in equation (1) in the molar stoichiometric ratio of 2:5. The oxidizer to fuel ratio was calculated using the oxidizing and reducing vacancies of reactants in equation (1). For a complete combustion reaction the ratio of oxidizer () and fuel () should be unity, because at this ratio maximum heat is produced. The weighed reactants were mixed in agate mortar by adding few drops of deionized water at room temperature till the solution transform into a transparent viscous gel. The gel was transferred to a Borosil beaker and then introduced to a preheated muffle furnace around 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C. The gel undergoes rapid dehydration with evolution of large amount of gasses and burns with an incandescent flame yielding voluminous white product. The whole combustion process was completed within 2-3 minutes. The beaker was then taken out and the resultant product was grounded into a fine powder and was characterized without any further treatment. The crystalline structure and particle morphology of the combusted powders were investigated using a standard diffractometer (Bruker D8 Advance) in the ÃŽ ¸ –2ÃŽ ¸ geometry with scanning step of 0.02à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ ° and Cu KÃŽ ± radiation (ÃŽ »=1.5406 Ã…). Diffused reflectance spectrum was recorded using ISR assembly attached with Shimadzu UV-2600 D ouble beam spectrophotometer in the region 190-1400 nm. The spectral features like photoluminescence excitation and emission (in phosphorescence mode) spectra were measured using a Cary-Eclipse spectrofluorometer (Shimadzu) equipped with a Xenon lamp used as an excitation source. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement was performed using Omicron energy analyzer (EA-125) with Al KÃŽ ± (1486.6 eV) X-ray source. The background vacuum in the analyzer chamber was of the order of 10-10 Torr during the XPS measurement. All these characterization were carried out at room temperature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 XRD The crystal structure and phase purity of the as synthesized Al2O3 powders were analyzed using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Fig.1. shows the XRD patterns of as synthesized Al2O3 powders recorded in a wide range of Bragg angle 2ÃŽ ¸ (20 ° ≠¤ 2ÃŽ ¸ ≠¤ 90 °). All the observed diffraction peaks can be indexed with the hexagonal phase of bulk ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 referenced in the JCPD’s file no. 71-1123 with space group R. No other impurity peaks were observed in the as synthesized powder neglecting the presence of any other phase other than ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. These XRD patterns were in good agreement with the earlier published reports by Robert Ianos et al. [1] and Laishram et al. [17] for the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 phase. The lattice parameter calculated from XRD pattern were (a = b= 4.755 Ã…, c =12.985 Ã…) which were very close when compared with the unit cell of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 (a = b= 4.761 Ã…, c =12.99 Ã…, JCPDs file No. 71-1123). The crystallite size was calculated using Debye-Scherer formula [25] where D is the crystallite diameter, ÃŽ » is the wavelength of x-ray source used (Cu KÃŽ ± = 0.1506 nm), is the full width at half maxima (FWHM) of an individual peak at 2ÃŽ ¸ (where ÃŽ ¸ is the Bragg angle) and is characteristic of the instrument broadening. Fig.1. XRD pattern of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders at 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C along with the stick patterns for the JCPDS file no. 71-1123 Three most intense peaks were selected for the calculation of particle size and calculated particle size for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 was 37.6 nm. 3.2 Spectral Study Fig. 2 shows the diffuse reflectance and the absorption spectra of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. Barium sulfate (BaSO4) compound was used as a reference standard during the measurement. In both spectra a sharp band around 220 nm is observed which corresponds that light having this particular wavelength was absorbed. Fig.2. The diffuse reflectance and absorption spectra of the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders. Calculation of bandgap. Kubelka–Munk (K–M) [26] theory was used for the calculation of bandgap of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders using diffused reflectance (DR) spectrum. In a DR spectrum, the ratio of the light scattered from a thick layer of sample and an ideal non-absorbing reference sample is measured as a function of the wavelength ÃŽ », [26, 27]. The relation between the DR of the sample, scattering coefficient (S) and absorption coefficient (K) is given by where is the Kubelka–Munk or remission function. The linear absorption coefficient ÃŽ ± and the band gap of a material is related through the well-known relation known as Tauc relation [28]: 3 where hÃŽ ½ is the photon energy and C1 is a constant of proportionality. When incident light is illuminated at 60à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °, the material scatters perfectly in a diffuse manner then absorption coefficient K becomes equal to 2ÃŽ ± i.e. . Considering the K-M scattering coefficient S as constant with respect to wavelength, and using equations (2) and (3), the following expression can be written: 4 Obtaining the value of from Eq. 2 and plotting versus, the value of is obtained by extrapolating the linear fitted regions to Figure 3 shows the square of the optical absorption times the photon energy as a function of photon energy for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders. In the present case (ÃŽ ±-Al2O3), the band gap was estimated around 5.68 eV. Aguilar et al. [29] calculated an optical energy band gap of 5.63 eV for Al2O3 films deposited on quartz substrate. Fig.3. Energy bandgap calculation of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 using K-M functions. Photoluminescence Fig. 4 (a) shows the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 recorded at an emission wavelength of 695 nm, the excitation spectra consists of a broad band centered at 400 nm. Fig. 4 (b) shows the PL emission spectra of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 monitored at excitation wavelengths of 260 nm and 400 nm respectively. An intense peak at 693 nm is observed. Similar results were also observed by Kaplyanskiiet al. [30] and Nagabhushana et al. [31] for ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. Kaplyanskiiet al. [30] suggest that this emission peak may be due to crystal lattice belonging to the ÃŽ ± phase of Al2O3. Fig.4. Photoluminescence spectra of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 (a) excitation recorded at ÃŽ »emm = 695 nm and (b) emission recorded at ÃŽ »ext = 260 nm and 400 nm. 3.3 Surface Studies In material science, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has proved to be a powerful analytical technique that can be used to study the elemental composition and the oxidation states. Figure 5 shows the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey scan of the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders. The XPS survey scan of the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 indicates that only Al, O and C are present in the sample corresponding to their binding energies. Carbon was the only impurity present in the sample which was expected. The positions of various photoemission peaks are marked in the survey scan corresponding to the elements present in the as synthesized sample. To further understand the chemical states of Al and O ions in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder we have further performed the detailed scan for O-1s and Al-2s core spectra. The value corresponding to C 1s peak (284.6 eV) was used as a reference for spectrum analysis. Fig.5. Survey Scan of as synthesized ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder. Figure 6 shows the XPS detailed scan for the O-1s core level. The raw data was fitted with combined Gausssian Lorentzian functions. The fitted peak shows only one prominent peak which is centered at 529.70 eV and is attributed to the Al-O bonding in the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 structure. Figure 7 shows the narrow scan for the Al 2s core level. Only one peak is observed after fitting which is centered at 118.95 eV. These narrow scan spectra of O-1s and Al-2s shows that all the O2- ions are bonded to Al3+ ions in the sample. Thus the chemical state of Oxygen and Aluminum is -2 and+3 respectively in the lattice. Rotole et al. [32] observed O-1s peak at 530.68 eV and Al-2s peak at 118.93 eV for standard ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. The difference in the binding energies may be due to the highly insulating nature of the sample. Fig. 6 XPS core level spectra of O 1s in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder. Fig. 7 XPS core level spectra of Al 2s in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powder. Conclusion In summary, the ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 powders were successfully prepared by low temperature solution combustion method with metal nitrate reactants and urea as organic fuel. The XRD results confirm that hexagonal phase of ÃŽ ±-Al2O3 could be obtained directly by combustion method at 500 à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C without any further treatment. The band gap of sample was calculated using diffused reflectance spectra and it was found estimated 5.68 eV. Under UV excitations, the powders exhibit a strong emission peak around 693 nm. XPS results show that as synthesized powders were free from impurities. The core level spectra of Al-2s and O-1s reveals that chemical state of Al and O is +3 and +2 respectively in ÃŽ ±-Al2O3. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors humbly acknowledged Director, UGC-DAE CSR Indore for providing experimental facility. The authors are thankful to Dr. M. Gupta for XRD measurements. The authors are grateful to Mr. A. Wadikar for helping in XPS measurements. REFRENCES R. Ianos ¸ I. Lazau and C. Pacurariu, J. Mater. Sci. 44, 1016 (2009). A.Y. Badmos and D.G. Ivey, J. Mater. Sci. 36, 4995 (2001). D. Gitknecht, J. Chevalier, V. Garnier and G. Fantozzi, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 1547 (2007). E. Volceanov, A. Volceanov and S. Stoleriu, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 759 (2007). S. Menecier, J. Jarrige, J.C. Labbe and P.L. Lefort, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 27, 851 (2007). V.S. Kiiko, Y.N. Makurin, A.A. Safronov, A.N. Enyashin and A.L. Ivanovskii, Refract. Ind. Ceram. 44, 94 (2003). T.M. Ul’yanova, L.V. Titova and N.P. Krut’ko Glass. Ceram. 59, 279 (2002). G.R. Karagedov and N.Z. Lyakhov, Nanostruct. Mater. 11, 559 (1999). J. Chandradass, K. H. Kim, D. S. Bae, K. Prasad, G. Balachandar, S.A.S. Divya and M. Balasubramanian, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 29, 2219 (2009). L. G. Gutwein and T. J. Websterles, Biomaterials 25, 4175 (2004). G. Muer and R. Vaben, Surface Engineering 27, 477 (2011). T. Hejwowski, Vacuum 85, 610 (2010). N.P. Padture, M. Gell and E.H. Jordan, Science 296, 280 (2002). R.L. Coble, Transparent alumina and method of preparation. US Patent 3,026,210, January 3 (1961). S. H. Lee, S. Kochawattana, G. L. Messing, J. Q. Dumm, G. Quarles and V. Castillo, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 89, 1945 (2006). J. Li, Y. Wu, Y. Pan, W. Liu, L. An, S. Wang and J. Guo, Front. Chem. Eng. China 2, 248 (2008). K. Laishram, R. Mann and N. Malhan, Ceramic International 38, 1703 (2012). T. Mimani, Resonance 5, 50 (2000). T. Mimani and K.C. Patil, Mater. Phys. Mech. 4, 134 (2001). C. C. Chen and K.T. Huang, J. Mater. Res. 20, 424 (2005). O. Ozuna, G.A. Hirata and J. McKittrick, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 16, 2585 (2004). J. Chandradass and D.S. Bae, Mater. Manuf. Proc. 23, 494 (2008). F. Mirjalili, M. Hasmaliza and L. Chuah Abdullah, Ceram. Int. 36, 1253 (2010). A.I.Y. Tok, F.Y.C. Boey and X.L. Zhao, J. Mater. Proc. Technol. 178, 270 (2006). B.D. Cullity, Element of X-ray Diffraction, second ed., Addison-Wesley, MA (1972). A. E. Morales, E. S. Mora and U. Pal Rev. Mex. Fis S 53, 18 (2007). S. Som and S.K.Sharma, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45, 415102 (2012). R.A. Smith, Semiconductors, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, (1978). M. A. Frutis, M. Garcia and C. Falcony, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 1700 (1998). A. A. Kaplyanskii, A. B. Kulinkin, A. B. Kutsenko, S. P. Feofilov, R. I. Zakharchenya and T. N. Vasilevskaya, Phys. Solid State 40, 1310 (1998). K. R. Nagabhushana, B. N. Lakshminarasappa and Fouran Singh, Bull. Mater. Sci. 32, 515 (2009). John A. Rotole and Peter M.A. Sherwood , Surface Science Spectra 5, 11 (1998).

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestly - The purpose of the inspectors Visit :: English Literature

Help the audience understand The purpose of the inspectors Visit. Show how a production of â€Å"An Inspector Calls† could Help the audience understand The purpose of the inspectors Visit. The play â€Å"An Inspector Calls† written by J.B Priestley is set in 1912. There are a few things that support this, that are heard in the first part of the play. â€Å"The titanic-she sails next week† â€Å"All these capital versus Labour† â€Å"These silly little war scores† All of these events happened just before 1912 and so we know that the play is set just before 1912. The Birlings are an upper class family with a high social position which can be seen by the fact that Mrs Birling doesn’t have to work and they have servants and maids to do house work for them. There high social position can also be seen because Mr Birling being a magistrate and is still on the bench. At this time the Birlings are in a great, and very happy mood. They are all looking forward to the wedding of their daughter and Gerald. They are all drinking port and are celebrating a special occasion with a large meal that has been set out for them by the maids. This is also another indication that the Birlings are a well off family. The inspector’s arrival changes the atmosphere a lot and turns the room into a hostile place. Mr Birling is very surprised to see an inspector and thinks that it is something to do with Mr Birling being a magistrate. The inspector interrupts Mr Birling taking to Gerald and Eric. Mr Birling is telling the two men how to look after themselves, and that’s the most important thing. Mr Birling gets this point across when he says â€Å"A man has to make his own way-has to look after himself† â€Å"That a man has to mind his own business and look after himself and his own† From these quotes that Mr Birlings says you can see that he only thinks about him and preaches that. The inspector arrives at this time and this is very significant, because this is what the inspector has come to prove wrong. The lighting is described as â€Å"pink and intimate† until the inspector arrives and then I think that the lighting should be â€Å"brighter and harder†. The lighting is as pink and intimate before the inspector comes as it gives the impression of the family relaxing and having fun. When the inspector comes it shows that the family are more on edge. The brighter light is there to show all corners and all secrets of the family. The inspector should stand at the head of the table to symbolise his

Verbal Image Translation Analysis Based Upon Ian Flemings From Russia With Love :: essays research papers

This paper deals with the problem of verbal image translation from SL ( English ) into TL ( Ukrainian ). The research is based on comparison of the original [ 1; 337p. ] and Ukrainian translation [ 2; 190p. ] of Ian Fleming’s â€Å" James Bond : From Russia With Love† A few words should be mentioned about the author and his book . Ian Fleming ( 1908 – 1964 ) was a great journalist and detective stories writer . In 1931 he joined Reuters news agency, and during the World War 2 he was a personal assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence at the admiralty, rising to the rank of commander . At this time he acquired the first-hand knowledge of secret operations . He started his first James Bond novel â€Å" Casino Royale† at the age of 44 , by which time he became the foreign manager of Kemsley Newspapers . He wrote it in the Golden Eye , the house he had built in Jamaica . James Bond has won Ian Fleming the world fame , being the greatest British fictional icon of the late 20-th c. The book is about a British secret agent James Bond , on whom every major foreign government has a file, and whom the Russia’s deadly SMERSH organisation has targeted for elimination – they have the perfect bait in the irresistible Tatiana Romanova . Her mission is to lure Bond to Istanbul and seduce him, while her superiors handle the rest . Bond walks into the trap – but he is always the one to win . The language of this detective story is mostly unexpressive, unemotional, and the stylistic devices ( SD ) that the author uses are typical of the genre : the lyrical images are absent, most of the SDs are used as the means serving to create the picture of the cold, ruthless world of constantly alternating death and fight for survival . Artistic images mostly are stylistically neutral , as no or little expressiveness or emotional colouring is present in them . The same concerns the idioms and phraseologisms ( of which the verbal image is the basic constituting element [ 3 ; 28 ] ) occuring infrequently . The translated work of art is percepted as the artistic one only provided that it corresponds to artistic and stylistic tradition of the TL [ 3; 28 ] .

Get Informed! - Buying The Right Computer :: essays research papers

Get Informed! - Buying The Right Computer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Buying the right computer can be complicating. Because of this many people are detoured from using or purchasing a very beneficial machine. Some people have questions about memory, Windows95, and choosing the best system to purchase. Hopefully, I can clear up some of this terms and inform you on what hardware is available.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How much memory do you really need? As much as you can get. Due to todays sloppy programmers, you can't have too much memory. Today's software is about 50 percent wasted code. That means that there is a bunch of memory being used by your computer to do absolutely nothing. It's not like in the past when a programmer had to get a program to run under 512K. Programmers think you have unlimited memory. As a result, the programmers don't worry about how much memory they use. When writing a program, programmers use compilers like Visual C++. When they use prewritten routines from compilers, it adds a lot of useless data. Instead of removing this useless data, the lazy programmer leaves it. Not only does this effect you memory, it also effects how much hard drive space you need. The bigger the program, the more space it takes to save physically. I wouldn't suggest buying anything under a 2 geg hard drive. Why? Because by the time you load you system (Windows95, DOS) and other software; your hard drive is already filled up. How are you going to save your document you wrote in WordPerfect when your hard drive is full? It's usually cheaper in the long run to buy the biggest hard drive available. Plus, you always want to have room for your games. After all, who wants to spend their whole life working?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As far as processors, I suggest the Cryrix 6x686 166+. It's the best processor for the buck. It's one of the fastest. The processor costs about $300 cheaper then the Pentium version. Its got plenty of processing power to play those high graphic 3D games and make your Internet browser fly. It's also a necessity for programs like Auto Cad 3D and Adobe Photoshop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For video, I suggest at least a 2 meg, Mpeg3 compatible video card. The best all around video card I think is the Maxtor Millennium 3D. It comes in 2meg, 4meg, and 8meg cards. The 4meg card runs around $230.00. You can't beat that. The reason you want the most memory on your video card that you can afford is the more memory you have, the faster the graphics and more colors you

Questionnair on customer satisfaction of bank Essay

To make a questionnaire first of all we need to understand management problem of SBI Bank. For that we need to know Why Customers are dissatisfied? Research Question: Now we need to understand where the problem is. Is it that Service Provided by SBI bank is not up to the mark or Staff member are not efficient and effective in their work or communication and after care services are not efficient or product offer by bank is not up to the mark. These are four areas in which management problem needs to be identiefied.This is known as Research Question. Investigative Question : Now we have identified problem area so now we need to examine different aspects of particular problem area its is known as investigative question. Eg. Service Provided by SBI is helpful? Service is being provided timely? In Second area of Problem of staff member, we need to Examine that information provided by staff member is easy to understand Staff member are Help full In third problem area of after care service, we need to examine whether account is Keep up to date or not? Queries are attended promptly Measurement Question: Now we need to convert investigative question in to normal layman language so that person can Understand and can answer properly. Myself Khushbu Desai. I am T.Y.B.B.A Finance student. I am doing study in B.R.C.M College of Business Administration. I have prepared a Questionnaire for Business Research Project Against Study of Customer Satisfaction for Customers of State Bank of India (SBI), Parle Point Branch. Please help me to do survey by rating the service that you currently receive from SBI Bank 5 = Excellent 4 = Good 3 = Average 2 = Poor 1 = Very Poor (Tick the boxes where appropriate) Â  

Argument against extension of ethical consideration to non-human animals Essay

In Tom Regan’s essay The Case for Animal Rights, he argues that the root of the â€Å"wrong† is that we treat animals as â€Å"resources† in either advancing our intentions, prerogatives, basic instincts (such as hunger), and so on. He then proceeds by arguing for indirect duties which involve animals though not the type of duty directed towards animals themselves. The involvement of animals in human actions, labeled as either morally right or morally wrong, points to the claim that human beings have an indirect duty as well towards these animals. Two arguments are raised in opposition to indirect duties towards animals. First, animals, in contrast to human beings who have the capacity to arrive at a given array of laws consciously made by them and seek to abide by the given set of rules, appear to have no sense of morality since morality â€Å"consists of a set of rules that individuals voluntarily agree to abide by. † This is in line with contractarianism which primarily focuses on the human capability to secure for themselves and decide sets of standards for a â€Å"systematic† morality and firm moral norms. In this case, such presumption excludes the possibility of ever arriving at a morality towards animals for animals can hardly be a part of a moral system. They do not have the capability to decide on crucial matters which are to define the very system that will ascribe moral worth on their actions and the exploits they receive from external agents (Regan, 1985). Nevertheless, Regan essentially argued for an intrinsic worth of animals in comparison to the intrinsic value of human beings, stressing on the argument that the actual wrong is that of treating animals as mere â€Å"renewable resources† which men use in furthering his ends and sustaining his life. It can be observed in his arguments that he centers on the value of animals regardless of man’s utility of these animals as part of nature. Yet it appears quite dubitable if indeed we are to treat animals under moral circumstances for several reasons. First, man will find it hard to sustain his existence if a major overhaul is to be done with regards to his grasp on resources, specifically that of animals. Since the time when man first learned to utilize the resources available in nature, animals have played a crucial role in his rearing and continued survival. Stretching back through those years, no sense of morality can be rooted for the reason that nature itself, as a whole, provides the essentials for man to go on with life and that morality on the part of animals is a mere social construct. Though it can be argued on the other hand that man’s morality may also be one socially construed fact, it does not, however, directly deny the instance that animals have no sense of morality and that their moral worth is nothing more than a perception of a few men. Another argument that must be noted is that, in connection to the previous claim, animals can hardly be described as sentient beings. That is, even though animals display reactions indicative of pain or pleasure, such manifestation of feelings are mere human interpretations on the behavior of animals. This is the part where some of us fail to recognize the fact that more often than not our mere ascriptions of human feelings to the responses of animals, treating both as if they were in exact structure and essence, do not establish the perception that animals are sentient beings as well. What it does is to simply ascribe human-like functions to that of animals while neglecting the basic fact that men have a far more complex consciousness than that of the other animals. Though it can be argued that man, too, are animals themselves as argued by the theory of evolution, nevertheless they have a wide array of distinctions (Calderwood, 2001). These differences fit the purpose of demarcating human consciousness from mere animal behavior such that the animal consciousness bear little semblance to that of the complexity of man’s consciousness. Argument for the extension of ethical consideration to ecosystems Aldo Leopold, in his work The Land Ethic, argues that the ethical doctrines set upon by man in consonance to the treatment towards other people should be â€Å"extended† to land or, more specifically, to ecosystems. He argues further that, as ethical tenets are so designed so as to control the freedom of individuals which may inflict harm towards other individuals, the ethics of man ought to encompass ecosystems as well in order to prolong their sustainability just like the sustenance of man’s existence (Leopold, 1989). In fact, the role of ecosystems is of primary significance for the very existence of man can be seen as dependent on nature, and that the abuse of the resources provided for by the natural environment poses a macabre threat to the life of humanity. The imminent consequences of the degradation of ecosystems are real and apparent. Note that throughout the decades of man’s continued industrial improvement whereby the expansion of modern facilities and trade infrastructures have literally displaced ecosystems and have extinguished as well various life forms. Moreover, contemporary times bear witness to the unrelenting wipe-off of various flora and fauna adding even more to the imminent threat to the survival of humanity. It is for these reasons, above any other else, that an ethical doctrine should be established so as to not only remove the possibility of having a totally-diminished ecosystem and prolong its survival but also to sustain, as a direct consequence, the lives of all men. One argument is proposed claiming that there ought to be principles which will proscribe certain acts of men towards ecosystems and which will simultaneously prescribe the ethically upright acts. The furthering of such an argument may very well lead to the accumulation of efforts in preserving what little ecosystem the world has left and what little more in the coming years unless several actions are brought under control (Delville, 1997). One argument which can be raised against the claim for extending the ethical doctrines of man so as to include ecosystems is the contention that it is a difficult task, one which entails not only the method of redefining cultures which hold on to contrasting practices to that of what may be ethically prescribed but also the mode of arriving at a comprehensive law for such an extension of ethical norms. Setting aside the latter claim which may be very well stand farfetched in the context of our discussion, most of man’s ethical tenets are strongly rooted on cultural grounds which have incessantly developed throughout generations making it difficult to change the cultural beliefs quite easily. Aside from the difficulty of surmounting such a feat, there is no clear method on how one can be able to arrive at such an attempt of extending sturdy ethical beliefs. Nevertheless, the task itself is being called forth not only because there is a lack of limiting principles on the acts of man which may eventually lead to his own demise but also because there is a lack of protection for the ecosystem in terms of ethical principles. What society barely has are legal measures which do not essentially pin down the heart of the problem. Rather, the measures being proposed by the law are merely written methods that aim at proscribing human actuations in accordance to the laws of man. What is needed is an ethical extension which will, indeed, guide the acts of humanity in dealing with nature and the various ecosystems which men have been utilizing for millions of years already. Argument for deep ecology One central claim for deep ecology is the belief that nature and man are interrelated with one another whereby every individual ought to transform himself which in turn leads to a collective change. This transformation at both the personal level and the communal degree is at the core of a movement which seeks to address the environmental issued besetting the entire population. However, there are at least two primary concepts which might rise into conflict with one another—freedom and order. In order that an individual transformation to transpire, there should be at the very least a freedom operating on the basic activities of every man. That is, every individual should function without the apparent hindrances that limit his capabilities in making manifest his earnest desires to support global concerns. Thus, with freedom, man becomes more flexible and more able of acting in accordance to the collective effort of sustaining the environment. On the other hand, a collective change is also of primary necessity since it serves not only as the sum of individual capabilities in addressing the ecological problems and providing viable solutions to it but also as the embodiment of the general agreement of the individuals. This general agreement is essential for the reason that it makes possible the unified efforts to arrive at consolidated methods. However, it can be argued that there may eventually dwell the possibility that with freedom comes the unwanted effects. To a certain degree, giving individuals more and more freedom than perhaps what is necessary or in controlled dosages leads to the probability of abuse, of conferring upon the individual the imminent capacity to either misuse or abuse one’s freedom in relegating it to other aspects of life which may consequently bear a harsh effect on the vision being sought by the collective change among the sum of individuals. Nevertheless, even if there remains the potential abuse of such freedom which may in turn restrain the collective transformation among the sum of individuals in providing a lending hand in tackling ecological concerns the sense of the collective efforts are far more outweigh its potential weaknesses and negative aspects.