Compare And Contrast Oedipus And Othello - 1816 Words

When asked to think of a classic play that shaped the whole of literature, some of the most common answers will include Oedipus by Sophocles and Othello by William Shakespeare. Both of these texts are held in high regard as some of the greatest writing of our time, not only for their command and use of language but for their intricately woven storylines and tragic endings. Both title characters were written as tragic characters, and as such their stories result in unhappy endings for all involved. The difference is that while one story was running along a set course put in place by an outward force and unable to be altered, the other tragedy was completely self-inflicted. Oedipus had no choice but to succumb to the fate placed in front of†¦show more content†¦But as a tragedy is defined, both stories were always going to end in sorrow, because without tragedy there can be no tragic hero. In Oedipus, the central tragedy is that of a disgraced king who fulfills a prophecy that he had worked so hard to avoid. In order to rescue his people from a plague, he sets out on a journey of discovery that leads him to learn that the people he thought were his parents were really just his adoptive parents, and that he actually had come to fulfill the prophecy that he would marry his mother and kill his father. At one point, he argues that he should be able to change his fate, and the response he receives is â€Å"I have no more to say; storm as thou willst,/And give the rein to all thy pent-up rage† (Oedipus the King, lines 346-347). Oedipus comes to realize that there is no changing the fate that his been placed on his life. Being so distraught over this, Oedipus gauges out his own eyes so that he no longer can see the pain and suffering that he has inflicted upon his people and his world. In Othello, we see an entirely different story. Whereas Oedipus was constantly attem pting not to fulfill the prophecy that had been placed upon him, Othello had no such stories to help guide him. His tragedy arises from the fact that the man he had thought to be a friend, Iago, feeds Othello lies and falseShow MoreRelatedOthello Notes2305 Words   |  10 PagesOthello Notes: Assessment Objectives: AO1: A consistently fluent, precise writing, using critical terminology to present a coherent and detailed argument in which the question is well understood and answered. AO2: Well developed, analytical and consistently detailed discussion of effects of language, form and structure and ways in which it affects the audience. AO3: Well informed and detailed discussion of different readings of the text by various audiences, as well as different criticalRead MoreEssay Prompts4057 Words   |  17 Pageswork as a whole. Avoid mere plot summary. You may select a work from the list below or another novel or play of comparable literary merit. Alias Grace Middlemarch All the King’s Men Moby-Dick Candide Obasan Death of a Salesman Oedipus Rex Doctor Faustus Orlando Don Quixote A portrait of the Artist as a Young Man A Gesture Life Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Ghosts The Scarlet Letter GreatRead MoreA Summary On Tragedy 2914 Words   |  12 Pagesand he places that prize at risk through his own choices. Aristotle further elaborates that the tragic hero must, by the play s close, lose everything he has achieved through hubris - blind pride that defies the gods. In Sophocles Oedipal cycle, Oedipus tries to discover the secrets of his birth, while Creon denies Antigone’s brother honorable burial and as a result both heroes lose their kingdoms. Shakespeare takes Greek-style hubris even further, as he has Macbeth lose his soul and Hamlet his consciousRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesideas that have to do with physical sensations--sounds, tastes, smells and so on. Finally, he can go back and think about all the ideas these different images could imply--figure out their connotations, in other words. For example, if a poet compares something to a ship, the reader might think about what ships look like, and then think about what it feels like to be on a ship. How do ships move? Where do they go? What sights, sounds, smells and sensations can we associate with ships and being

Abraham Lincoln And The Fourteenth Amendment - 1431 Words

This political cartoon characterizes Abraham Lincoln as having a difficulty balancing the slavery issue with the other needs of his party. One person is a slave representing freedom and holding the end of one side, the slaveholder is representing slavery holding the other side, and Abraham Lincoln is in between both slavery and freedom. This political cartoon is saying that if you vote for the democrats than you are a white man. There was slavery then if you vote for the republicans than you would be compared to a negro. The 13th Amendment The 13th Amendment says that Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. This amendment was unique and different from the other amendments which are the 14th and 15th. The 13th amendment abolished slavery, but the 14th was unique also because it overturned the Dred Scott decision, and it counted all citizens, including slaves, as citizens in the US. The 15th amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. The 14th Amendment The 14th Amendment expanded the protection of civil rights to all Americans and is cited in more litigation than any other amendment. This amendment forbids states from denying anyShow MoreRelatedReconstruction Is The Effort Made In The United States1566 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they were in control of Southerners by punishing them for wanting to preserve their southern tradition. How would the North and the South come to an agreement about the freedom of slaves? Before the Civil War and the actions of President Abraham Lincoln the states were divided amongst another. The Northern States were considered to be the Union. While, the Southern States were called the Confederacy. There were twenty states that were included within the Union. The Confederacy consisted of onlyRead MoreTaking a Look at the Reconstruction Era1313 Words   |  5 Pages1877. The period passed through out a lot of problem like violence the assassination of president Abraham Lincoln, country been divided over the issue of slavery and a lot of reconstruct had to be made after the fight of the civil war. At the time the civil war won the victory around 3 million slaves had their freedom. But their where still problem in rebuilding the nation. When president Abraham Lincoln died in April 14,1865. A new president was elected named Andrew Johnson under his supervision southRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln is the greatest president ever because he did great things such as ending slavery, getting the us through the Civil War, and helped our country a lot. The American Civil War was a war between the Southern states and the Confederate states. Abraham Lincoln was not very prepared for the war militarilyRead MoreLincoln, Race, And The Spirit Of The 761247 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Abraham Lincoln was put into office March 4, 1861, and this would be the start of a significant change for America. Many people see Lincoln as one of the best presidents that was in office for America, but others have opposing views on how he was not the best president in office. In Lucas E. Morel’s, â€Å"Lincoln, Race, and the Spirit of ‘76†, he expresses, â€Å"Many people who consider Abraham Lincoln the greatest American president would be surprised to discover that he endorsed black colonizationsRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1728 Words   |  7 Pagesplantations. Even though it was a struggle for the north, and the slaves, but not for the south since it was a benefit for them. In 1860, Abraham Lincoln was put into the Presidential office and would have a major impact on our nation by affecting slavery forever. One of the major conflicts in America s rise as a nation was slavery. President Abraham Lincoln started to be concerned about the direction of slavery in America, and was determined to abolish it forever. Slavery was a negative and positiveRead MoreVictory of the North1306 Words   |  6 Pagesthe North There are many causes that led to the victory of the North, as well as many effects that follow their victory. Three important causes that led to the victory of the North are economic growth, secession, and the election of President Abraham Lincoln. Three important effects that followed the victory of the Northern States in the American Civil War are emancipation, a new financial system, and political freedom. The Civil War of America has been discussed as the first modern war of the newRead MoreAnalysis Of Peter Charles Hoffer s For Ourselves And Our Posterity955 Words   |  4 PagesLyndon B. Johnson. I have found that I agree with Hoffer’s opinion. President Abraham Lincoln took the phrases â€Å"to form a more perfect union† and â€Å"to promote the general welfare â€Å" from the preamble to heart. This is why when the South seceded from the union Lincoln went to war. The south seceding meant that the United State of America was becoming a weaker and a worse union and Lincoln could not allow this to happen. Lincoln also realized that the length and intensity of the war was destroying the peopleRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Reconstruction1486 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the period of reconstruction in the U.S., from 1865-1877, there were plans put in place by Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, and Congress in hopes of a brighter future. Reconstruction took place after the Civil War occurred in the U.S. from 1861-1865. Abraham Lincoln was the President during the Civil War, and he had plans prepared at the end of his presidency because he sensed that the nation would have to be rebuilt through a reconstructi on period. Once he was assassinated in 1865, his successorRead MoreAttempts to Mends the Nation During the Reconstruction Era815 Words   |  4 PagesPhiladelphia, 2008)? In the end, three different plans emerged to try and reconstruct the Union and Confederacy back into the United States of America. President Lincoln, President Johnson, and Congress each had their own opinions on how reconstruction should work (Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia, 2008). To begin with, Abraham Lincoln began trying to reconstruct the United States of America before the war even ended. It was his deepest desire to make the United States a whole again ratherRead MoreThe Fourteenth Amendment Of The Constitution2057 Words   |  9 PagesThe Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments are a really big part of the Constitution for slavery and about the equal rights in the United States. The government created the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendment to allow racial equality in the United States by freeing all of the slaves, giving them the right to get citizenship, and the right to vote. I will be talking about each Amendment and how they were formed and also why. The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution says

Enterprise Resource Planning Famous System Management

Question: Discuss about the Report for Enterprise Resource Planning of Famous System Management. Answer: Introduction Systems of Enterprise Resource Planning are considered as one of the most famous systems of business management. It provides benefits on seamless communications and real-time capabilities for many companies. ERP is a type of business management software that is suited to many integrated applications. Different types of business activities are covered by the implementation of ERP software in companies such as marketing sales, purchased product planning, inventory management, finance, manufacturing or service delivery, and shipping payment. The software of ERP works with the integration of separate systems together into a holistic approach of resources and information. It allows executives for optimizing systems, identifying trends, and taking decisions. ERP software has many uses in many sectors of businesses such as e-commerce, business intelligence, and enterprise asset management. Apart from that, many factors affect the working procedure of the enterprise resource planning soft ware in companies. Implementation of ERP projects affects people, process, and culture in the entire organization. However, a number of challenges are faced by enterprises that can stumble on the execution of the systems in the organizational levels. Most of the organizations face the issue in selecting the proper type of software for implementation. Senior level managers must have a clear understanding of the type, scope and size of the ERP system. They do not have any clear idea about the proper method of selection of the best solution and the need of the system in a particular field of operations. the executives of the enterprises lack in decision-making procedure of selecting best ERP system for their agencies amongst the existing multitude of ERP systems available in the market. Most of the organizations faced this situation due to inappropriate strategic management. The report focuses on different people issues faced by different agencies around the world while implementation of ERP systems. Discussion Organizational Changes ERP systems implementation is responsible for organizational changes. It can produce significant changes in the field of a conventional business model of enterprises and its daily practices. Implementation of ERP software in various fields of operations requires firms in order to re-engineer various business processes in a vital way, restricting of agencies, and redefining responsibilities of the position. Companies sometimes are not ready for accepting the organizational changes (Ahmad and Cuenca 2013). Strategic management department of the company should align with the IT department in order to formulate a strategy for the new software application in a particular project. Bolt-on solutions are a form of ERP software that are considered as afterthought. This system is not much expensive that is considered as a plus point for the small medium enterprise. The system helped the functionality of the existing software. Not only big companies use ERP software, small medium enterprises al so use ERP systems in marketing and sales and other operations of businesses. There are many issues both in multinational and in local companies of different countries of the world. It is the responsibility of every company to change its goals of the projects accordingly with the passage of time (Al-Ghofaili and Al-Mashari 2014). Old methods of business operations will not result in increased and efficient result of the marketing and other required business operations. Unsuccessful implementation can result in blunder in the results of the project. A case study of a Chinese company is explained below. ANC Electronics is a China based electronics company that is an independent manufacturer, developer and seller of various equipment of the uninterruptable power supply. the company belongs to small medium enterprises. In the year of 2000, ANC Electronics has improved its information management tool in its few computers. In the operations of inventory management, the company is moving forward to use ERP systems that are developed by two IT companies of China namely Kingdee and Vanward (Amid et al. 2012). The ERP systems initially turned out to be very fruitful in the beginning. It reflects a growth of the business. However, another department of ANC Electronics like marketing and still did not have adopted the benefits of the ERP systems. The company is a leading in its field of industries. Implementation of ERP software in the inventory management leads in improved production as well as the supply of its products into distribution points. The marketing goals of the company are not up to date with the organizational goals (Aslan et al. 2015). Hence, there is a drastic fall of sale if the products of ANC Electronics in the market. The company is clueless in finding the reason of the drastic fall in sales at initial level due to lack of organizational changes. ERP Implementation goals Application of ERP system in organizations can lead to both positive impacts and negative impacts. Goals and objectives of ERP implementation can be a major hindrance in the growth of revenue and performance of the enterprise as a whole. Enterprises witness failure in application of ERP software due to lack of well-defined objectives in the projects. Project management is mainly practiced in companies of construction, software, telecommunication and much more (Bhati and Trivedi 2016). Nowadays traditional ERP solutions are getting older in the market. It is replaced by cloud ERP systems. Companies are investing in Cloud ERP solutions rather than traditional ERP. For instance, SAP Business ByDesign is a popular cloud ERP solutions used by many companies. However, cloud ERP is still limited in certain places. The changed goals of the new project must be aligned with the other related departments of the project. One project is dependent on many other operational fields. IT project can d epend on marketing department of the company. Goals of the ERP software application should be communicated in both the departments. However, application of ERP systems is not only limited to the project management sector, but also in the general work of the day-to-day operations of businesses. Improper goals in projects lead to failure of projects in a stipulated time. Extensive customization is also a cause of failure of ERP implementation. It can lead to many misinterpretations of issues. In many cases, organizations are not provided with the actually packaged solution of the ERP system (Bradford 2014). Decision makers of enterprises often fail to take the right decision in choosing companies that are associated with selling ERP software to the companies. Nestle USA initially faced few challenges in the implementation of ERP software. The company is lacked unity. It did not act as a single company. The ERP implementation goal of Nestle USA is to increase the brand awareness and transforming the separate brands into a single brand. The parent company of Nestle has a strategy of implementing ERP systems to unify the company. The ERP project is started by Nestle that is known as Business Excellence through Systems Technology (Choi et al. 2013). Unification is the main motive behind the technological application. However, the USA subsidiary of Nestle is not aware of the fact about the goals of new software implementation. Each Nestle branch in the United States used to work independently. They did not align themselves with the main strategic goals of the parent company of Nestle. In terms of the software application, all locations of USA are reluctant about it. They did not a response to the orders of the headquarters (Chou et al. 2014). It results in difficulty in ERP implementation in the respective offices of Nestle in USA locations. The results forecasted by the headquarter does not match with the actual result. Resistance to change Cultural resistance is a vital challenge in the starting of a new process, policies in a certain company. The employees of organizations are considered as assets of the firm. Firms must focus on the needs and benefits of the people associated with the company. Cultural resistance along with organizational resistance causes hindrance in the productivity of the particular project or organization as a whole. Members of a certain project or workers in a particular department of operations are accustomed to the old format of working procedures (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Few employees are comfortable in working with old ERP systems. They feel very odd in adopting new changes in the new systems of technology in the project. Some strategic business units are irresistible to adopt changes in the field of technology and other employees perspectives. Transfer of employees from one branch to another due to new technological implementation sometimes not acceptable by them. It can lead to the lo wer performance of the individual and enterprise as a whole. Some SBUs faced difficulties in switching new ERP systems in a particular project (Galy and Sauceda 2014). They may feel comfortable in using old ERP systems. In this scenario, two types of threats are included such as replacement of known process with an unknown technological process, taken away authority from decision-making activities regarding the project. However, there are cultural aspects that hinder people in the adaptation of new system in the organization. The mindsets of some employees in many countries are not so much open to accept new things. Many societies are indulgent and restrained in nature. Restrained societies are characterized by more reluctant in adopting new technologies and policies in their life. However, countries that have weak uncertainty avoidance are more comfortable with new ideas and ambiguity (Helo et al. 2014). On the other hand, strong uncertainty avoidance societies are not ready for new challenges in the operations. Manufacturers of different parts of the world, especially in China face resistance to change in ERP implementation. For instance, Dongfeng Motor Corporation is an automobile parts and automobile manufacturing company that faces cultural resistances in the manufacturing sites of the company. The workers in the manufacturing facilities are comfortable in the old ERP systems. Hence, they are unwilling to accept any type of new systems in the technological aspects. The new system is focused on the fast production level on the automobile parts in the factory sites (Kanellou and Spathis 2013). On the contrary, the old systems are characterized by a low rate of production when compared to the new ERP systems. In this situation, Hosted ERP solutions can be used. It is an outsource model where companies can outsource their cloud computing to others but they can manage their systems from their own offices. for instance, SAP Hana is an Adobe Systems that belong to the category of Hosted ERP. Improper communication Due to the presence of different stakeholders, organizations cannot follow a single most effective mechanism in order to communicate with the employees and suppliers. For instance, email is a great mode of communication of passing messages and information to every worker of the company. Nevertheless, when it comes to pass the information to a certain group in a detailed manner then email is not a good option (Sun et al. 2015). It is the responsibility of the supervisor to maintain the effective mode of communication to its team or subordinates. Apart from email, there are a number of modes such as face-to-face meeting, conference calls, intranet portals, standard training, and country-specific portals (Katerattanakul et al. 2014). Stakeholders are responsible for the selection of different measures of ERP implementation that sometimes create a confusion among the IT department and the other departments. It occurs due to lack of communication. Apart from the communication process, sometimes organizations do not recruit right candidates for a particular project in the starting phase. ERP implementation in a project can bring immense benefits to the results of it. Nevertheless, if they are not properly handled then they can bring negative results too. For instance, in many organizations, executives are focused on getting approval from the senior for a change in the technological aspects of a project. They are not focused on gathering feedbacks from the other team members of the project (Kilic et al. 2014). It results in a delay of the delivery of the project within the predefined deadline. NetApp Australia, an Australian IT company faced some issues in the communication of its ERP implementation in a project. Initiatives of ERP systems require developed tailored communications for some people involved in it. These persons usually are not aware of the culture of the organization as well as the goals of the new systems of ERP in the running project. There is a necessity of gaining an understanding of the culture and clients requirement related to the project. As the company deals with companies in different countries, hence the lack of research in ERP systems and its implementation will lead to less productivity (Kilic et al. 2015). The supervisor or the project manager must communicate with the team workers. Any slip of technical jargon will deviate the team from the actual motives of the project. Lack of communication in the group will not only lead to lower productivity but also it is responsible for the bad relationship with the clients of NetApp. In future, it will result in loss of business. Lack of proper training approach Flexibility is an issue that is considered as a most vital people issue in the application of various systems of ERP in the company. If the ERP system is not flexible in nature, then it will be more difficult for the members of the project to adapt to the new changes in the project. Flexibility will help in formulating proper training module to the employees associated with the project. It is required to re-engineer steps that are required to perform several business tasks and providing retraining to the business partners and employees (Mamoghli et al. 2015). Reluctant people will face the severe issue in adapting change with the new processes of ERP systems. Resistance is the cause of delay in the project and lower productivity of the organization as a whole. The Proper training approach is considered as the most vital strategic tool for engaging the workers into the new systems of technology. To implement a new system of ERP in the organization, initially, a lot of time is required for mapping up the current situation with the future changes of the work. It helps in understanding the technical goals along with the organizational goals. It can be frustrating to an end user at the beginning. However, it is required to provide an updated training to the project members and different people associated with it. Training indeed provided an opportunity to enhance the skills of the team members while performing the dearth of training will lead to mistakes of people of the company (Marsh et al. 2014). Resistant employees are prone to occur more mistakes in their work as they are more comfortable to work in the old patterns of ERP software. Infotech Private Limited is a small medium enterprise that uses various ERP in the customer relation managem ent of the company. Apart from these departments, the company has previously used many ERP systems in the different operational department of the company (McKinney and Kroenke 2015). It is noticed that the company has faced many issues in terms of training and development. Due to lack of communication, the training module of the new system of ERP is formulated in a different way that does not match the exact requirements of the technology. In the initial phase, the company has not recognized the wrong training method. However, when the project member participated in the new form of ERP systems then they face severe issues in handling machinery and technologies of the project (Monk and Wagner 2012). Technical issues and custom development There is wide range of technical problems that are anticipated by many researchers while implementation of ERP systems in different areas of business operations and in projects. The risks related to the technology can cause a delay in the progress of work. It undermines the success of a project in the field of ERP implementation. Issues of technological infrastructures in the field of ERP system are: Insufficient and inappropriate transfer of knowledge from the integrator of the system to the long-term group. Service related and network related issues that are related to outsourcing and upgrading data centers (Parr et al. 2013). Resources allocated for the wrong technologies in ERP may lead to blunder in the productivity of the project. Wrong technology is the result of lack of extensive market research and lack of decision-making of the senior executives of the company. Insufficient bandwidth or stressed network in the remote areas is the result of inadequate stress and volume of the infrastructure. Remote areas sometimes do not have access to technological developments. But companies do have to run some of their projects in the rural area to accomplish their work (Powell et al. 2013). Change management problems can occur due to technical reasons also. Ineffective technical implementation rises to miscommunication between the employees as well as the project managers. Unproven or inadequate business continuity and lack of recovery plan can cause failure in application of the software in the ERP systems of a company. Project managers and IT managers must formulate a strong backup plan for the risks associated with the technologies of ERP systems. Inefficient risk mitigation plan hinders the effectiveness of performance of the systems of ERP in the different operations department (Saleh Shatat. and Mohamed Udin 2012). Regardless of best efforts of various companies while implementing ERP manually with negligible customization. Business always requires customized version of various software including ERP systems. There are many instances of customization of business operations such as conversion programs, interface, forms, code extension, etc. Usually, delays in the project are the result of the delay in completion of custom development. For instance, mostly construction companies and software companies face these issues. This leads to the bad relation with the clients. People associated with the companies also suffer bad impression from foreign clients. Delay in documentation requirements is the cause failure of technical aspects. However, consultants sometimes may not understand the problems of these outsourcing companies as they are focused only on the work or the result (Stair and Reynolds 2013). Conclusion The report describes various problems and issues that are faced by companies regardless of the sector. Apart from that, there are issues that are related to people in the implementation of ERP systems in the companies. Issues related to change management and organizational changes; technological dearth, improper training, improper communication, etc. are explained in a detailed manner. There are many instances of companies that are explained in the report describing their issues of people in the implementation of ERP software in their companies. Implementation of ERP in firms must be treated as business driven initiatives. It will have a long-lasting impact on the working procedure of agencies. The proper decision-making of executives associated with IT and software application is considered as the integral of the success of companies. Cloud computing along with other technologies that increase production efficiency is in demand in the market. ERP systems come under this category. Ho wever, there is much mitigation of the problems of the ERP system implementation in agencies. The statement present in the case study is focused on people issues of ERP systems in information and technology. Projects of Enterprise Resource Planning are time-consuming, difficult and potentially perilous to organizations. Failure of ERP implementation incurs a huge loss to companies. In many cases, these situation leads to huge losses for firms. There are many entrepreneurs that support ERP in their business firms despite having chances of failure in different phases. References Ahmad, M.M. and Cuenca, R.P., 2013. Critical success factors for ERP implementation in SMEs.Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,29(3), pp.104-111. Al-Ghofaili, A.A. and Al-Mashari, M.A., 2014, August. ERP system adoption traditional ERP systems vs. cloud-based ERP systems. InInnovative Computing Technology (INTECH), 2014 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 135-139). IEEE. Amid, A., Moalagh, M. and Ravasan, A.Z., 2012. Identification and classification of ERP critical failure factors in Iranian industries.Information Systems,37(3), pp.227-237. Aslan, B., Stevenson, M. and Hendry, L.C., 2015. The applicability and impact of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems: Results from a mixed method study on Make-To-Order (MTO) companies.Computers in Industry,70, pp.127-143. Bhati, P.S. and Trivedi, M.C., 2016, February. Applicability and Impact of ERP: A Survey. In2016 Second International Conference on Computational Intelligence Communication Technology (CICT)(pp. 28-31). IEEE. Bradford, M., 2014.Modern ERP: Select, Implement, and Use Today's Advanced Business Systems. Lulu. com. Choi, T.M., Chow, P.S. and Liu, S.C., 2013. Implementation of fashion ERP systems in China: Case study of a fashion brand, review and future challenges.International Journal of Production Economics,146(1), pp.70-81. Chou, H.W., Lin, Y.H., Lu, H.S., Chang, H.H. and Chou, S.B., 2014. Knowledge sharing and ERP system usage in post-implementation stage.Computers in Human Behavior,33, pp.16-22. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Galy, E. and Sauceda, M.J., 2014. Post-implementation practices of ERP systems and their relationship to financial performance.Information Management,51(3), pp.310-319. Helo, P., Suorsa, M., Hao, Y. and Anussornnitisarn, P., 2014. Toward a cloud-based manufacturing execution system for distributed manufacturing.Computers in Industry,65(4), pp.646-656. Kanellou, A. and Spathis, C., 2013. Accounting benefits and satisfaction in an ERP environment.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(3), pp.209-234. Katerattanakul, P., J. Lee, J. and Hong, S., 2014. Effect of business characteristics and ERP implementation on business outcomes: An exploratory study of Korean manufacturing firms.Management Research Review,37(2), pp.186-206. Kilic, H.S., Zaim, S. and Delen, D., 2014. Development of a hybrid methodology for ERP system selection: The case of Turkish Airlines.Decision Support Systems,66, pp.82-92. Kilic, H.S., Zaim, S. and Delen, D., 2015. Selecting The Best ERP system for SMEs using a combination of ANP and PROMETHEE methods.Expert Systems with Applications,42(5), pp.2343-2352. Mamoghli, S., Goepp, V. and Botta-Genoulaz, V., 2015. Aligning ERP systems with companies real needs: an Operational Model Basedmethod.Enterprise Information Systems, pp.1-38. Marsh, J.L., Soroka, A.J., Davies, P., Lynch, J. and Eyers, D., 2014. Challenges to sustainable manufacturing resource planning implementation in SMEs: an exploratory study.KES Trans. Sustain. Des. Manuf,1(1), pp.291-302. McKinney, E.H. and Kroenke, D.M., 2015.Processes, Systems, and Information: An Introduction to MIS. Pearson Education. Monk, E. and Wagner, B., 2012.Concepts in enterprise resource planning. Cengage Learning. Parr, A.N., Shanks, G. and Darke, P., 2013. 8 IDENTIFICATION OF NECESSARY FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION OF ERP SYSTEMS.New Information Technologies in Organizational Processes: Field Studies and Theoretical Reflections on the Future of Work,20, p.99. Powell, D., Riezebos, J. and Strandhagen, J.O., 2013. Lean production and ERP systems in small-and medium-sized enterprises: ERP support for pull production.International Journal of Production Research,51(2), pp.395-409. Saleh Shatat, A. and Mohamed Udin, Z., 2012. The relationship between ERP system and supply chain management performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,25(6), pp.576-604. Stair, R. and Reynolds, G., 2013.Principles of information systems. Cengage Learning. Sun, H., Ni, W. and Lam, R., 2015. A step-by-step performance assessment and improvement method for ERP implementation: Action case studies in Chinese companies.Computers in Industry,68, pp.40-52.

The Enlightenment And Era Of Revolutions Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The Enlightenment and Era of Revolutions The Enlightenment Era marked the beginning of important scientific advance- ments and of philosophers # 8217 ; parts whose finds and radical theories changed the traditional positions of the universe. It brought upon many alterations to the societal and political order which predominated its society at the clip. Strongly influenced by the rise of modern scientific discipline, and by the wake of the long spiritual struggles that followed the reformation, the minds of the Enlightenment were committed to secular positions based on ground and human apprehension. They had hoped that it would supply a footing for a positive reform which would impact every country of life and idea. Due to these alterations, people were looking at different facets of their universe and lives under a new visible radiation. The enigma behind things was blossoming, going progressively demandant of scientific account instead so by church functionaries # 8217 ; ill-defined logical thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on The Enlightenment And Era Of Revolutions Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The thoughts of the great intellectuals of the Enlightenment epoch made people think about their freedom and equality, which gave them a ground to revolt and contend for the better life. One of the celebrated philosophers during the Enlightenment epoch was John Locke. He wrote # 8220 ; The Second Treatise of Government # 8221 ; and in this papers, Locke wrote about the natural rights of adult male: the right to life, to liberty and to belongings. Everyone is born free and is by nature free ; equal and independent. Harmonizing to Locke, people joined the community to continue their belongingss, lives, autonomy and their estates, and no one should hold the authorization to take away from them these rudimentss rights. However, should the governor utilize his office power toward personal addition, he could be deprived of his governmental authorization. The people had the right to revolt against him. Locke provinces, # 8220 ; And whosever in authorization exceeds the power given him by the jurisprudence ( # 8230 ; ) , may be opposed. # 8221 ; Basically, the sovereignty did non shack in the province but alternatively with the people ; the province is so supreme, but merely if it is bounded within the bounds of its power and within the civil and the natural jurisprudence. The thought of autonomy and equality can besides be found in the # 8220 ; Discourse on the Beginning and Foundation of Inequality Among Man. # 8221 ; In this papers, Rousseau addresses the inequality found among rich and hapless people. The declaration to this job harmonizing to Rousseau, is in the undermentioned transition: # 8220 ; # 8230 ; alternatively of turning our forces against ourselves, allow us garner them into one supreme power which governs us harmonizing to wise Torahs, protects and defends all the members of the association, rebuffs common enemies, and maintains us in an ageless concord. # 8221 ; Rousseau is trying to indicate out that they should non contend but alternatively organize a on the job authorities, put its common Torahs and ordinances that would assist to alter the life of the state. Obviously, it goes to turn out that the Enlightenment # 8217 ; s effects spread throughout. Its thoughts, rule s and the overall accent it has placed on humanity had been accepted by many people. Our ain # 8220 ; Declaration of Independence # 8221 ; of July 4th, 1776 is a contemplation of that. # 8220 ; Man received certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, autonomy, and the chase of happiness. # 8221 ; When The Declaration of Independence was put to Congress, it restated what Locke had antecedently wrote over eight decennaries before, # 8220 ; all adult male are created equal. # 8221 ; Should the authorities become destructive, the Declaration says that it is the right of the people to change or to get rid of it and may hold the power to establish a new authorities. It besides showed that the King of Britain had committed many trespasss on the Thirteen States of America. A declaration itself was an illustration of Rebel against dictatorship. Another papers, written in the clip of American Revolution, and back uping the thoughts of the Enlightenment, was Thomas Paine # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Common Sense. # 8221 ; Paine, as other minds of the Enlightenment epoch wrote that people are # 8220 ; originally equal in order of creation. # 8221 ; He criticized one of the most powerful establishments of Early Modern Europe # 8211 ; monarchy. Paine stated that in a existent democracy there is no topographic point for the male monarch: # 8220 ; The nearer any authorities attacks to a democracy the last concern there is for the king. # 8221 ; He writes about the New World as an refuge for all free people. The Hagiographas of the philosophers, such as Locke or Rousseau, were critical to authorities. This sparked the provincials # 8217 ; impression of desiring alteration. Under the Old Regime in France the King was the absolute monarchy, and was believed to derive his power from the God. Society was divided into three categories, whereas the first two estates enjoyed extended rights and privileges. The members of the 3rd estate, dwelling of common mans, were to a great extent taxed and didn # 8217 ; t have the rights of the first two estates. These societal divisions caused a batch of struggles. In the epoch of Enlightenment, where Ancient Regime and the old societal order was being questioned, people started believing about deriving their rights and rebellion against despoty. An consequence of such a procedure was the Gallic Revolution of 1789 and of # 8220 ; The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. # 8221 ; This Gallic papers, followed the enlightenment thoughts of # 8220 ; Liberty, Equality and Fraternity # 8221 ; # 8211 ; which become the motto of the Gallic Revolution. It states that # 8220 ; Liberty consists in being able to make everything which does non harm another # 8221 ; and that democratic rules, would be the footing for Gallic authorities. This period of ground, thanks to its rational and scientific attack, enabled the society to free themselves of superstitious notions and old wonts. These new thoughts allowed people to research the significances behind the things that merely supernatural accounts would explicate. The popular thoughts of Enlightenment, # 8220 ; autonomy, equality and fraternity, # 8221 ; divine people from different states to do an attempt towards bettering their state of affairss and to contend for their freedom and their rights. 357

black vs white essays

black vs white essays Ting in life that we do not understand is that even though we are different on the outside we are the same on the inside, and even more to that point it is what is on the inside that counts more than anything else. For if there were nothing on the inside then we would be nothing. But yet still in the world we are living in, we are finding ourselves resulting back to the racism and slavery minds of our past generations of stupidity. How is it we prize England for settling in Australian and causing devastation to the Aboriginals, is it because they did them a favor, i mean after all it was white man's burden. Bullshit we feed eachother that lie to justify what we did and don't seem so proud of ourselves to admit, but do things ever change. Look at the common black man living in america in the ghetto streets. He has only that education and yet we persucute them for not knowing better, while our government officals have enough money to play with and do with as they seem fit. We are alway s saying lets work together but how many of us are willing to actually put their money where there mouth is. Today the head of the most powerful nation america is George W BUsh and look what a leader he is, you can't tell me america didn't at least in part deserve what they got. of course the loss of innocence is a devastating consequence but where was the care when we did the same to them. Look at the native of coutries who have suffered so much loss, not just lives but culture belonging and right and then tell me if it wasn't inleast revenge for crimes done to them. ...

MASH TV Show Premiers

MASH TV Show Premiers MASH was an extremely popular TV series, which first aired on CBS on September 17, 1972. Based on the real experiences of a surgeon in the Korean War, the series centered upon the interrelationships, stresses, and trauma involved in being in a MASH unit. MASHs final episode, which aired on February 28, 1983, had the largest audience of any single TV episode in U.S. history. The Book and Movie The concept of the MASH storyline was thought up by Dr. Richard Hornberger. Under the pseudonym Richard Hooker, Dr. Hornberger wrote the book MASH: A Novel About Three Army Doctors (1968), which was based on his own experiences as a surgeon in the Korean War. In 1970, the book was turned into a movie, also called MASH, which was directed by Robert Altman and starred Donald Sutherland as Hawkeye Pierce and Elliot Gould as Trapper John McIntyre. The MASH TV Show With nearly an entirely new cast, the same MASH characters from the book and movie first appeared on television screens in 1972. This time, Alan Alda played Hawkeye Pierce and Wayne Rogers played Trapper John McIntyre. Rogers, however, didnt like playing a sidekick and left the show at the end of season three. Viewers found out about this change in episode one of season four, when Hawkeye comes back from RR only to discover that Trapper was discharged while he was away; Hawkeye just misses being able to say goodbye. Season four through eleven presented Hawkeye and B.J. Hunnicut (played by Mike Farrell) as being close friends. Another surprising character change also occurred at the end of season three. Lt. Col. Henry Blake (played by McLean Stevenson), who was the head of the MASH unit, gets discharged. After saying a tearful goodbye to the other characters, Blake climbs into a helicopter and flies off. Then, in a surprising turn of events, Radar reports that Blake was shot down over the Sea of Japan. At the beginning of season four, Col. Sherman Potter (played by Harry Morgan) replaced Blake as head of the unit. Other memorable characters included Margaret Hot Lips Houlihan (Loretta Swit), Maxwell Q. Klinger (Jamie Farr), Charles Emerson Winchester III (David Ogden Stiers), Father Mulcahy (William Christopher), and Walter Radar OReilly (Gary Burghoff). The Plot The general plot of MASH revolves around army doctors who are stationed at the 4077th Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) of the United States Army, located in the village of Uijeongbu, just north of Seoul in South Korea, during the Korean War. Most of the episodes of the MASH television series ran for half an hour and had multiple story lines, often with one being humorous and another being serious. The Final MASH Show Although the real Korean War ran only three years (1950-1953), the MASH series ran for eleven (1972-1983). The MASH show ended at the end of its eleventh season.  Goodbye, Farewell and Amen, the 256th episode aired on February 28, 1983,  showcasing the last days of the Korean War with all the characters going their separate ways. The night it aired, 77 percent of American TV viewers watched the two-and-a-half-hour special, which was the largest audience to ever watch a single episode of a television show. AfterMASH Not wanting  MASH  to end, the three actors who played Colonel Potter, Sergeant Klinger, and Father Mulcahy created a spinoff called  AfterMASH. First airing on September 26, 1983, this half-hour spinoff television show featured these three MASH  characters reuniting after the Korean War at a veterans hospital. Despite starting off strong in its first season,  AfterMASHs  popularity dumped after being  moved to a different time slot during its second season, airing opposite the very popular show  The A-Team. The show was ultimately cancelled just nine episodes into its second season. A spinoff for Radar called  W*A*L*T*E*R  was also considered in July 1984 but was never picked up for a series.

How do Managers Attempt to Solve the Labour Problem Essay

How do Managers Attempt to Solve the Labour Problem - Essay Example However, the organisations in the post-modern era are also affected by the conflicts between the labours or the workers and the managers who are liable to supervise and control them. Conflicts or disputes may also arise within an organisation amid the co-workers which are again to be managed efficiently by the managers. According to most of the recent studies based on a similar context, it have been revealed that disputes between managers and the subordinate employees have emerged to be a common phenomenon in majority of the organisations irrespective of their size or industry (Bratton & Gold, 2011: 238). The discussion in this paper will consider the concept of ‘right to manage’ possessed by the organisational managers and its impact on the schemas adopted by them to control the workplace disputes. The traditional and the contemporary methods will further be taken into consideration so as to identify the constraints faced by the managers in dealing with the issue. Hereb y, the ultimate objective of the paper will be to provide a rational explanation to the strategies adopted by the managers in an attempt to minimise the disputes arising within the workplace. The Concept of ‘Right to Manage’ The concept of ‘right to manage’ in this context deals with the fundamental or principle responsibilities of the managers to control the disputes between the organisation and its employees along with those taking place amid the employees working together (Storey, 1983: 98). According to Harris (1982: 98), managerial strategies adopted so as to control this issue are largely depended on the managerial prerogative approach adhered by the organisations operating in an economy. For instance, during the post world-war situation in 1944 and the later years, organisations in the American economy witnessed significant discrepancies in relation to labour disputes. One of the main causes for these issues to take place was the sudden increase of p roduction in the industries due to the inclusion of more efficient techniques and machineries. This in turn forced the industry players to sell in larger proportion to manage the flow of production and thus maintain their break-even point at a sustainable position. The inclusion of up-to-date technologies also resulted in higher cost of production motivating the industry players to adopt cost retrenchment measures. It is in this context that the organisations had to witness noteworthy issues related to labour resistance and insignificant co-operation among the workers. Although the problem of overcapacity was minimised in the later years, the disputes between the management and the labours still existed (Harris, 1982: 102). With reference to this illustration or the situation faced by organisations in the later period of the second world-war, it can be stated that managerial prerogative to consider either their ‘property rights’ or their ‘right to contract’ or both has a significant impact on the disputes between the labour force and the management. The ‘property management rights’ indicate the quantitative aspects of managerial ideology, i.e. to increase the profitability, competency and market share of the

Chinas Outward FDI in Latin America Research Paper

Chinas Outward FDI in Latin America - Research Paper Example It also covers the history, characteristics, and statistical data of the outflow and inward flow of China’s FDI in the tax havens. FDI theories were used to identify the type of OFDI in CBVI, and the best-applied theory seems to be the value added round-tripping. The study also examines China’s legislation of 2008, which says that the Chinese companies established in the CBVI will be considered for tax purposes and will be charged 25% of their total global income; this might affect the future OFDI flows. The unusual quality of China's FDI is also discussed as it fails to drop even at the time of recession and will continue to grow stronger with time. The paper is concluded with the writer’s observation. Â  In 2010, China started increasing its investment in foreign countries, particularly in Europe where the increase was recorded to be as high as 102 %, and in the United States, it was approximately 74%. Almost 15% of Chinese companies have chosen Europe for investment rather than choosing the emerging developing economies from Asia(Godement 1-3).The most interesting and worrying fact of Chinese foreign investment is that the first choice among many of the foreign destinations happens to be the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands; these two are known as the tax haven of Latin America (Lina 1-5).China’s investment in Cayman islands is nearly 14 % while 6% goes to the British Virgin Islands out of its total OFDI (China Daily, 2009). The Chinese FDI outflow to the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands substantial, that it prompts a question of why their offshore regions are the most popular destination for China’s OFDI. Â  

How does hitchcock create Essay Example for Free

How does hitchcock create Essay Hitchcock produced Psycho in 1960. It was a groundbreaking film as it was the first American motion picture to feature a toilet being flushed. Also, Janet Leigh was shown in her underwear on more than one occasion, and, during the famous shower scene, its possible to see hints of flesh. Hitchcock used the media to sell his film to a younger, fresher audience. The poster for this movie, at that time was sexually explicit. Hitchcock started a policy whereby viewers would not be permitted into the theatre once the film had begun, a measure, which had never before taken. Hitchcock wanted to manipulate his audience into fear and loathing so he reverted the film to black and white instead of colour. The story concerns a psychopathic murderer; its technique reveals the dark side of all mankind; the inner secrets, deceits and guilts of all human beings. And as this is so true of even the most ordinary situations in life, nothing is as it really seems and that is how the play opens. Showing the ordinary life of her going to work and getting jobs to do. Marion had been given $40,000in cash to deposit in a local bank. When Marion decides to run away with the money the viewers feel quite tense and want to know what will happen next. The psycho is not yet introduced so the viewers focus is on the money. We see Marion with the money, packing a suitcase. It is obvious that she plans to flee with the money but the sympathy of the audience remains with this apparently harassed woman. Throughout the scenes, we have seen reflections of her in mirrors and through windows, all suggest the split personality aspect of the plot. As she makes her escape to leave with the money, she is stopped at a traffic light, her boss pass by in the crosswalk in front of her; the camera angle changes from showing his face to Marions. He at first smiles and nods when recognising her, and leaves the frame of the windshield. Likewise, she smiles nervously. But then he stops, turns and furrows his brow at her. Mr. Lowery is puzzled and concerned to see her in her car when she was supposed to be home sick. Likewise, her face turns frozen after realising that she has been caught. The audience becomes more terrified and nervous to whats going to happen next. Marion is pulled over by a mysterious policeman; the appearance of him with his sunglasses made him look inhuman. He follows her many miles to a car dealer, where Marion cleverly trades her current car in for a used junkie to camouflage herself from peering enemy. Marion then continues to drive along the busy highway until a shielding rainstorm persuades her to stop to rest at The Bates Motel. When Marion arrives at the motel, it immediately tells the viewer that its unusual. The appearance of the motel makes you feel isolated because no one was around. The lights were off it was very disturbing. The gothic image of the house on hill is positioned above the motel, which is very effective and also menacing. The camera angle shows both the motel and the house in one shot. The fact that when she arrives its dark and theres silence the connotations with these factors make you feel unsure. The viewers feel petrified, as something is to happen out of the blue. She meets a shy-but-kind manager, Norman Bates, who offers her a room, a meal, and a sympathetic ear. During her conversation with Norman, when he speaks about the traps that life places everyone in, Marion resolves to return on the following morning and give back the money. Events of the night, which involve violence and the jealous rage of Normans twisted mother, put an end to Marions plans. Norman is dressed plainly and appears normal. The camera zooms into his face making the audience question whether Norman is all that he seems. This close up invites the audience take a closer look at him. Norman hesitates when choosing which cabin to put Marion in. He puts his hand by the key to cabin three; he stops and gives Marion a sneaky look out of the corner of his eye. He then decides to give Marion the key to cabin one. The way in which he hesitates about the key suggests that he has a hidden motive, which the audience later find out is the spy hole in the wall of cabin one. When showing Marion around her room, Norman hesitates when talking about the bathroom. He will not even say the word bathroom and when he has to turn the bathroom light on he quickly puts his hand in and then pulls it back out. This makes the audience think that something may have happened in the bathroom before or Marion may die in the bathroom. Norman seems quite forceful when asking Marion to have dinner with him; this creates tension. When he brings her tray of food, which he suggests she eat in his office because it is more comfortable, he comments, Motherwhat is the phrase? Isnt quite herself today. While shes eating he watches her eat extremely closely which is not typical behaviour this unnerves the viewer. Norman bates has a fascination with death you can see this by the images of the dead birds its like his hobby of taxidermy and also there are birds of prey on the walls which give an idea of killing. After seeing this, the audience becomes all tense and frightened thinking of murder. Their conversation includes references to death and entrapment. He says to Marion you eat like a bird (when there are dead birds on the wall) and he also says that were all in our private traps. This makes the audience know that something is to happen. He also mentions his mum well not directly but he refers to we which implies there is someone else at the house but the viewers dont no who so it leave it as an answered question which is very effective. His conversation show his conflicts with his mother the feeling of hate for her illness this implies hidden secrets. This brings a lot of tension to the audience. The shower scene is one of the most famous sequences ever captured on film for two reasons. As violent as it is you never see the knife go into Marions body and it was the first time the film in history that a major movie star was brutally killed of in the first thirty minutes of the movie. The famous shower sequence, which runs only a minute, took a week to film. Seventy cameras were set up for this scene and more than ten different scenes were used. The scene starts of very calm and peacefully. She opens up a bar of soap, and turns on the overhead shower water from a high up showerhead nozzle that sends arched needles of spray over her like rainwater. There in the exposed privacy of her bathroom, she begins to bath, visibly enjoying the luxurious and healing feel of the cleansing water on her skin. Marion is relieved as the water washes away her guilt and brings energising, reborn life back into her. Large close-ups of the showerhead, that look like a large eye, are shot from her point of view they reveal that the water bursts from its head and pours down on her and the audience. She soaps her neck and arms while smiling in her own private world unaware for the moment to the problems surrounding her life. With her back to the shower curtain, the bathroom door opens and a shadowy, grey tall figure enters the bathroom. Just as the shower curtain completely fills the screen with the camera positioned just inside the tub, the outline figure whips aside the barrier. The outline of the figures dark face, the whites of its eyes, and tight hair bun are all that is visible she uses a scary butcher knife high in the air at first, it appears to be a stab, a stab, stabbing us the victimised viewer! The piercing, shrieking, and screaming of the violin strings play a large part in creating sheer terror during the horrific scene they start screaming before Marions own shrieks. Marion turns, and screams (her wide-open mouth in gigantic close-up), and stands firm as she shields her breasts, while the knife repeatedly rises and falls. The music tenses up the audience and the audience are now very shocked. The murderer appears to stab and pierce into her, shattering her sense of security and escape. The savage killing is kinetically viewed from many angles and views. She is standing in water mixed with spurts of blood dripping down her legs from various gashes symbolic of a deadly and violent rape. She turns and falls against the bathtub tiles, her hand clawing and grasping the back shower wall for the last shred of her own life as the murderer (resembling a grey-haired woman wearing an old-fashioned dress) quickly turns and leaves. With an unblooded face and neck/shoulder area, she leans into the wall and slides, slides, and slides down the wet wall while looking outward with a fixed stare the camera follows her slow descent. The audience is left terrified; the main character has died. As Marion collapses on the floor the cameras slowly tracks the blood and water that flows and swirls together counter-clockwise down into the deep blackness of the bathtub drain Marions life has literally gone down the drain. The drain dissolves into a memorable close up of Marions right eye with one tear drop (or drop of water). The camera pulls back up from the lifeless, staring eye, which was the last shot of the scene. Through out the film music was used to reflect the viewers feeling and, where needed, to heighten them. This was the first time this technique was used. The pace of music changed quite a bit through out the movie. The pace builds up from a slow pace to a faster pace in both scenes when Marion plans to escape with the money and the stabbing in the shower scene. When Marion arrives at the motel there is minimal background noise other then the rain this is very effective because it makes you that shes alone in an isolated place where no one is around. The silence makes the natural/unnatural hesitations in the speech more disturbing and therefore builds tension. The camera angles in psycho were somewhat experimental. It used a wide range of camera shots varying from straightforward long shots to iris shots. Hitchcock was the first person to experiment with this wide range of camera angles. Seeing as this was the first film to use these new techniques, they were used relatively effectively. The use of long shots of the house and then the medium shots of Norman Bates kind of connect the viewers association with the gothic house to Norman making him just as intimidating as the building. One of the most effective shots in the film was the extreme close up of Bates eye when he was looking through the peep hole at Marion getting changed. The only thing in the shot was his eyes and the wall. A beam of light shone through the hole onto Bates eye and this was very effective. This was effective because the scene stood out as his eye appeared through the hole. Psycho was a terrifying film in its day, and still makes the viewers tense with anticipation of whats to come. Many different and subtle innovative techniques were adopted to manipulate its audience and these techniques are very effective. I think this film was very good even though its quite old and its in black and white.

1952 :: 1950s

1952 In 1954, many barriers were broken that made this a year of success. One of the major achievements is the cure for Polio being discovered which saved many lives and made the disease extinct. Other successes include the revolution of music and the birth of Rock & Roll. Other achievements this year were the invention of the first 2-seated sports car, the corvette, and the beginning of the Sports Illustrated magazine. During this year, RCA also produced the first color television where families could watch shows such as the Nelsons and the Show of Shows. Swanson also made the first TV dinners that families ate while they watched TV. One of the major barriers that were broken was the invention of the hydrogen bomb and when it was released, it was noted to be the biggest bomb to ever be set off. The United States conducted a full scale, successful experiment with a fusion device in 1952, which produced an explosion equivalent to several megatons (million tons) of chemical explosive. In 19 54, the United States detonated a fusion bomb with a power of 15 megatons instead of the expected 7 megatons. It created a glowing fireball more than 4.8 km (more than 3 miles) in diameter, and a huge mushroom cloud that quickly rose into the stratosphere. The hydrogen bomb was tested in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean. The bomb was said to be over 500 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, giving the United States the technology to produce a bomb capable of razing any of the world’s largest cities. The hydrogen bomb created a fireball that was made up of extremely hot mass and went off in a nuclear explosion. A flash of heat radiation was emitted from the fireball and began to spread out over a large area. The radiation was able to cause flash burns on exposed skin. Besides the blast and heat, the exploding nuclear bomb was able to release a penetrating nuclear radiation. The nuclear radiation was able to cause serious injury to the islands surrounding the Marshall Islands. The radiation was effecting the near by natives when it was absorbed into the body of people. With the invention of the hydrogen bomb, ‘the nuclear/atomic age’ evolved and gave the United States the technology it needed to become the superior nation it is today.

Organic Chemis

CHEMISTRY HIGHER lEvEl PaPER 2 Monday 18 May 2009 (afternoon) 2 hours 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Section A: answer all of Section A in the spaces provided. Section B: answer two questions from Section B. Write your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. At the end of the examination, indicate the numbers of the questions answered in the candidate box on your cover sheet and indicate the number of sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Candidate session number 0 0 2209-6108 19 pages  © International Baccalaureate Organization 2009 0119 –2– Section a Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. 1. M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+ Biodiesel makes use of plants’ ability to fix atmo spheric carbon by photosynthesis. Many companies and individuals are now using biodiesel as a fuel in order to reduce their carbon footprint.Biodiesel can be synthesized from vegetable oil according to the followingreaction. O H C O C R O H C O C R (l)+ 3CH3OH(l) O H C O C R H H H NaOH(s) H C OH H C OH (l)+3 CH3 H C OH H O O C R (l) vegetableoil (a) methanol glycerol biodiesel [1] Identifytheorganicfunctionalgrouppresentinbothvegetableoilandbiodiesel. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (b) For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student reacted a pure sample of a vegetable oil (where R=C17H33) with methanol. Therawdatarecordedforthereactionisbelow. Massofoil = 1013. g Massofmethanol = 200. 0g Massofsodiumhydroxide = 3. 5g Massofbiodieselproduced= 811. 0g Therelativemolecularmassoftheoilusedbythestudentis885. 6. Ca lculatetheamount (inmoles)oftheoilandthemethanolused,andhencetheamount(inmoles)ofexcess [3] methanol.

Asjfesngreng

Give an example of a situation where there was a large amount of unclear information / data. How did you prioritise and use this information? What did you achieve? (300 words max) Dissertation? Give an example of when you have worked within a successful team. Why was the team successful? What was your contribution to the team achieving its goal? (300 words max) While working in my job as IKEA customer services co-worker I have taken part in various team meetings in order to improve how things are done throughout the store. Once a year a survey is conducted to get the views of all co-workers on working practices within the store. Once the results come back weaknesses are identified for further discussion in team meetings and options for improvement are debated. I feel I make a positive contribution to these debates and help to identify proposed improvements to be passed on to store managers. This is important to me as I feel my views are listened to and acted up in improving the store order to move forward and become ever more successful. Also, in group tasks at university, I felt confident in contributing to decision-making processes but could also patiently listen to people with whom I disagree. I feel that my enthusiasm and energy is infectious in a team situation. Can you provide an example of a time when you have had to bring someone round to your way of thinking. How did you go about doing this and what did you learn from this experience? (300 words max) No idea Explain why you have chosen the particular business area you are applying to and how your skills and previous experience make you suitable for this role. 300 words max) I chose the Finance graduate scheme over the other schemes available as I have a strong background in Finance. While at University I studied Accounting so would relish the chance to put the skills I have recently learnt into action. The opportunity so further my knowledge by gaining a professional qualification in CIMA would be of much interest to me. I would therefore be suitable to this role as I am a hard working motivated graduate accounting student who is looking to complete my professional qualifications while working in a finance based role at a major company such as NPower. What particularly attracts you to the programme at RWE npower? Why do you want to work within the energy sector and RWE npower specifically? (300 words max) The Finance graduate scheme at NPower interests me for a number of reasons. Firstly the opportunity to further my skills learnt from my degree by studying a professional qualification in CIMA while working in a finance based role. Secondly the chance to complete various different placements including Finance Transformation, Controlling, Business Planning and Economic Evaluation. This interests me as the chance to work in various sectors would mean I could gain a vast business knowledge and get to choose which role I would go on to work in once I have completed my professional qualifications. The energy market is one of the world’s biggest these days and a chance to work within this market and help provide energy to a wide range of customers interests me. The reason I would like to work within NPower specifically is because it is one of Europe’s five biggest energy suppliers. It supplies about 16 million customers with electricity and 8 million with gas per year with a total of â‚ ¬53 billion in revenue. NPower also interests me due to its vast investment in renewable energy and being the largest investor in Europe. Please give details of your interests and any positions of responsibility held. You may draw examples from any source: school, college, university, work, sport, voluntary work etc. (300 words max) I am an active participant in sporting events (cycling) to raise funds for local charities. I have completed vigorously challenging rides including the Rievers route, Pennines and Coast to Coast. This is extremely important to me as I enjoy cycling a lot and knowing I am doing my bit to support others less fortunate than me makes it all the more rewarding. My involvement with the scout and youth movement has enabled me to achieve many practical skills which I put to good use in working in team situations in relation to negotiation, communication and problem solving activities. Other hobbies include football (both playing competitively and watching), music and travel.

Early Civilization Class Systems essays

Early Civilization Class Systems essays Throughout history and into the present we can see that class systems were both present, and necessary in major civilizations. The class systems uniqueness determined the role of the individual in each society. Class systems affected the political systems, economic systems, and social life of each culture. Ancient cultures displayed variations on the class theme. In India people were placed into classes at birth. In China all people followed the Jen system, which was not based on wealth alone. But we can see a common theme that runs through class systems that is used even today, power and money. The power that an individual created for himself or herself through money, fame or personal efficiency would place them in a class distinguished as High, Middle, or Low. High being the ones with the most power and low being with the least power. Also there were usually subdivisions within each class, which were either defined or muted in the civilizations. In reviewing and researching ancient cultures I have concluded that class systems maintained order and ensured success in ancient civilizations. The majority of ancient civilizations became and remained dependent on the definition or presence of classes in their societies. As Herbert J. Wuller describes the beginning of class systems, More specifically, the rise of civilization forced the social question that is still with us. By their great drainage and irrigation system the Sumerians were able to produce an increasing surplus of material wealth. The question is: Who was to possess and enjoy this wealth? The answer in Sumer was an invariable one: Chiefly a privileged few. The god who in theory owned it all in fact required the services of priestly bailiffs, and before long these were doing more than their share in assisting him to enjoy it, at the expense of the many menials beneath them. Class divisions grew more pronounced in the divine household, as in the city at la...

Ethopoeia Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Ethopoeia Definition and Examples in Rhetoric In classical rhetoric, ethopoeia means to put  oneself in the place of another so as to both understand and express his or her feelings more vividly. Ethopoeia is one  of the rhetorical exercises known as the  progymnasmata. Also called impersonation. Adjective: ethopoetic. From the point of view of a speechwriter, says  James J. Murphy, [e]thopoeia  is the ability to capture the ideas, words, and style of delivery suited to the person for whom the address is written. Even more so,  ethopoeia  involves adapting the speech to the exact conditions under which it is to be spoken (A Synoptic History of Classical Rhetoric, 2014). Commentary Ethopoeia was one of the earliest rhetorical techniques that the Greeks named; it denoted the constructionor simulationof character in discourse, and was particularly apparent in the art of logographers, or speechwriters, who worked usually for those who had to defend themselves in court. A successful logographer, like Lysias, could create in a prepared speech an effective character for the accused, who would actually speak the words (Kennedy 1963, pp. 92, 136) . . .. Isocrates, the great teacher of rhetoric, noted that a speakers character was an important contribution to the persuasive effect of the speech. (Carolyn R. Miller, Writing in a Culture of Simulation. Towards a Rhetoric of Everyday Life, ed. by M. Nystrand and J. Duffy. University of Wisconsin Press, 2003) Two Kinds ofEthopoeia There are two kinds of  ethopoeia. One is a description of a characters moral and psychological characteristics; in this sense, it is a characteristic feature of portrait writing. . . . It can also be used as an argumentational strategy. In this sense ethopoeia involves putting oneself into someone elses shoes and imagining the feelings of the other person. (Michael Hawcroft,  Rhetoric: Readings in French Literature. Oxford University Press, 1999)   Ethopoeia in ShakespearesHenry IV, Part 1 Do thou stand for me, and Ill play my father... [T]here is a devil haunts thee, in the likeness of a fat old man; a tun of man is thy companion. Why dost thou converse with that trunk of humours, that bolting hutch of beastliness, that swolln parcel of dropsies, that huge bombard of sack, that stuffed cloak-bag of guts, that roasted Manningtree ox with the pudding in his belly, that reverend Vice, that grey Iniquity, that father Ruffian, that Vanity in years? Wherein is he good, but to taste sack and drink it? (Prince Hal impersonating his father, the king, while Falstaffthe fat old manassumes the role of Prince Hal in Act II, Scene iv, of Henry IV, Part 1 by William Shakespeare)   Ethopoeia in Film By leaving out of the frame what a person cannot or does not see, and including only what he can or does, we are putting ourselves in his placethe figure ethopoeia. It is, when seen in another way, an ellipsis, the one that always lurks behind our backs... Philip Marlowe is sitting in his office, looking out of the window. The camera retreats from his back to bring in a shoulder, head, and hat of Moose Malloy, and as it does, something prompts Marlowe to turn his head. He and we become aware of Moose at the same time (Murder My Sweet, Edward Dmytryk)...The leaving out of the frame something expected in the normal course of events, or conversely, including the unusual, is a sign that what we are seeing may only exist in the awareness of one of the characters, projected into the world outside. (​N. Roy Clifton, The Figure in Film. Associated University Presses, 1983) Further Reading Ethopoeia in George Orwells A HangingProsopopoeiaCharacterEkphrasisIdentificationMimesisPersonaPersonificationWhat Are the Progymnasmata?

Implementing Disability Sport in Physical Education Essay

Implementing Disability Sport in Physical Education - Essay Example The term disability sports has been actually defined as sports â€Å"designed for, or specifically practiced, by people with disabilities. People with disabilities are also referred to as athletes with disabilities† (International Platform on Sport & Development, 2009, p. 8). Accordingly, people with disabilities are those who are identified to possess â€Å"long term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments, which, in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others† (International Platform on Sport & Development, 2009, p. 8). Game modification could include using specifically designed equipment; as well as tailoring the games and activities according to the skills sets of students, their academic levels, and enthusiasm for the particular sport or physical activity. The benefit of this option is that it provides opportunities for disabled students to participate, learn more, and en joy playing the sports through using especially designed equipment, and even rules which could simply be modified or adapted to their diverse needs. Through participating, the vast advantages noted from delving into sports and physical activities, such as socialization, sportsmanship, development of leadership and teamwork skills, as well as enabling the students to design strategies for winning are thereby realized. Integrating disability sports within the GPE curriculum would focus on the development of diverse skills. As such, educators would be incorporate designing or even modifying the curriculum to develop complementary skills; as well as address affective, psychomotor, and cognitive domains. This would necessiate a review of various... This paper approves that school administrators and policymakers who genuinely think of the diversity in academic requirements of students from benefitting from a physical education class would recognize that by incorporating disability sports, all students – whether disabled or not - would benefit in the process. As emphasized, â€Å"both parents and teachers have always conceded that individuals with disabilities who participate in sports activities are less depressed, perform better academically, are more stable in behavior as well as in their overall social interactions†. Likewise, on the part of the students without disabilities, by being provided with formal education on disability sports, they would be exposed on the crucial concerns and issues facing disabled; yet, sports inclined, students. This essay makes a conclusion that the current discourse has effectively achieved two-fold objectives, to wit: to explain the main developments within the realm of implementing integrating disability sports within the physical education curriculum; and supporting the arguments and contentions through studies and researches written by other authoritative authors on the subject. Overall, disability sports should be incorported in the GPE curriculum to realize significant benefits for all students alike: those without disabilities and those who are disabled. The instrumental advantages of encouraging students to develop genuine enthusiasm in sports and physical activites would contribute to their overall wellbeing and improved health condition throughout their lifetime.

Maybe, Maybe not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Maybe, Maybe not - Essay Example INT. JOSEPH’S LIVING ROOM-NEXT DAY Joseph lays on his couch in his living room and tries to sleep. Xavier is on his cell talking to someone and telling about their lost stallion. He looks stressful. He’s constantly passing his hands through his air. Again there’s a noise outside the door and both men make their way towards the door. Xavier opens the door and sees the same group of neighbors. Behind them, he sees Rou together with wild mares. XAVIER Oh! Look, Dad, look. Rou is back. It’s with other horses too. He then runs towards the Rou, leaving all men behind him. ONE OF A NEIGHBOR Rou has returned and it has brought several horses with it. You’re blessed. What a lucky man you are. What a great luck. Wow! There’s no sign of amusement or happiness. He still looks so calm. He looks at his son, then Rou and then finally his gaze meets his neighbor. JOSEPH Maybe or maybe not. All the neighbors see him with surprise looks on their faces but nobody says a word. He shakes hand with all of them, closes the door and lies down on his couch again, trying to sleep. EXT. JOSEPH’S STABLE-TWO DAYS LATER The day is sunny with a bit of clouds making it pleasant. Xavier is in the stable. He’s surrounded by Rou and other four mares brought by Rou two days ago. The other four mares are wild and their height is greater than Rou but they are not trained. Xavier is training them. He’s trying to break one of the mares and suddenly she gets crazy and throws him on the ground. Xavier shouts in agony. His neighbors suddenly come and take him towards his house.

The role of consideration in contract Outline Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The role of consideration in contract - Outline Example Many European countries have adopted the position that any agreement that is both serious and lawful is a contract, but under English law, an agreement, even if serious and lawful, can only be enforced if consideration is present (Mothersole & Ridley 1999:360). Consideration thus, separates enforceable contracts from unenforceable ones, constituting the first of the three-pronged tests in contract enforceability (Stone 2011:87). The difference between these systems is thought to be historical-based, with the English assumpsit, or legal action for breach of promise or contract, traced back to commercial needs whilst continental law originated from the canon law and the principle of good faith (Chandler & Brown 2007:46). Another significance of consideration is that it provides intent of the parties to be legally bound by their agreement. Thus, even a token amount can be deemed consideration although it may be inadequate or insufficient. The Court has held, for example, that  £1 per annum was consideration in Thomas v Thomas [1842] 2 QB 851 and generally declared that parties may enter a contract for any amount of consideration, even valueless ones, in Chapell & Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1960] AC 87 (Chandler & Brown

Does spirited away’ reflect traditional japan?

Does spirited away’ reflect traditional japan? To what extent does the world of hayao miyazakis spirited away reflect traditional japan? Anime has been described by Napier (2001, p.8) as â€Å"a richly fascinating contemporary Japanese art form that both harks back to traditional Japanese culture and moves forward to the cutting edge of art and media†. Hayao Miyazakis films are no stranger to featuring portrayals and representations of traditional Japan within the mythical worlds he creates in his films as well as those set in Japan. His imagery is vastly different to the ultra futuristic portrayals featured in the equally popular cyberpunk anime of Mamoru Oshiis Ghost in the Shell(1995), Katsuhiro Otomos Akira (1988) and all of their contemporaries. Spirited Away (2001) is arguably Miyazakis most widely known and regarded film both domestically and abroad, having become the most financially successful film of all time in Japan while also receiving the Academy Award for best animation. While being set in a modern Japan where technology has become more important than history and tradition, in Spirited Away Miyaz aki concentrates on several aspects of Japans cultural history. The protagonist of the film, Chihiro, has lived a pampered life in the city and is naÃÆ' ¯ve and unprepared for adulthood. Her parents are portrayed as greedy and irresponsible in the symbol of the â€Å"credit card wielding father turning into an overindulgent hog.† (Broderick, 2003) The ‘spirit world that she unknowingly enters represents the Taisho period of Japanese history (around 1912 to 1926), a popular setting in Anime, but of particular personal significance to Miyazaki. (Yoshioka, 2008) Childhood memories have influenced his use of this time which does not simply create a feeling of nostalgia, but, as Yoshioka says, â€Å"merges personal experience into a larger sense of past.† (Yoshioka, 2008: p.257) The aspects of traditional Japan displayed in the film vary from the extravagant grandeur of the bathhouse to the simple, yet quaint wooden houses and shops in the spirit town. The bathhouse even includes sliding paper doors and massive ornate ‘Satsuma-ware vases all representative of a prosperous location in Japan during the 1920s. It serves to act as an opposition to the modern character of Chihiro upon who the traditional aspects of Japanese society are lost. (Denison, 2007) Denison writes that the bathhouse â€Å"holds valuable lessons for modern (Japanese) society,† including, not allowing such a healthy eclectic heritage disappear in a culture obsessed with the furthering of technology as well as keeping the Japanese youth educated about their roots and heritage. Some of the major characters in the film also incorporate aspects of traditional Japanese folklore. Spirits have been featured as characters in many ancient Japanese folk tales, generally influenced by the two major religions Shinto and Buddhism. The ancient ‘River Spirit which Chihiro helps to clean appears to have a face which resembles a Japanese ‘Noh theatre mask. Another theatrical mask is also featured on the character of No-Face. The film also alludes to the practicing of religion in Japan and the ignorance of the youth towards it. In a scene at the beginning of the film Chihiro does not recognise some Shinto shrines and her mother explains their role yet it is evident that she does not consider them important saying â€Å"some people think little spirits live there.† (Spirited Away, 2001) It is evident from Miyazakis films as a whole that the ‘spirituality is a common and often prominent theme, particularly, but not exclusively, among his films aimed at children. Certain themes recur in Miyazakis films. In Spirited Away many of these appear such as childhood, materialism and most notably environmentalism. The story of the spirit Haku links to the arguments mentioned so far about the portrayal of tradition. The disappearance of Hakus home the ‘Kohaku River due to materialism has led to his forgetting of the past and even his name alluding to the real possibility of people in Japan being so focused on the future they forget elements of their past, in this case an ancient river paved over to build apartments. (Osmond, 2008) Other Miyazaki films have also included the relationship between the ‘spirits or ‘gods and humans, mainly about the difficulty of the two living in harmony. Princess Mononoke(1997), Ponyo(2008) and My Neighbour Totoro(1988) are examples of this with each also carrying the theme of environmentalism. All of the points mentioned so far have reinforced that the world featured within Spirited Away shows a traditional, typically Japanese culture which aims to critique modern Japanese society as well as educate the films young target audience about the importance of tradition. Thanks to Disneys worldwide distribution deal with Miyazakis production company Studio Ghibli, the market for anime has been expanded so hugely that theres a now global awareness of not only modern and pseudo-futuristic Japan but also heightened understanding of Japanese tradition; â€Å"fans (are) engaged with the cultural origins of anime texts†. (Cubbison, 2005: p.45) This market has been so developed that anime now seems to cater specifically for the international market within its films. The complex identities of Miyazakis characters, such as Haku or Yubaba in Spirited Away are, according to Denison, created to appeal to a Hollywood-saturated world market. These characters employ a number of traits n ot inherently Japanese. Also, some aspects of the architecture and artwork featured in the film are not typically Japanese but contain elements of Western styles. An example of this can be found in the small thatched cottage owned by Zeniba, the kind twin sister of the unpleasant witch Yubaba, the owner of the aforementioned bathhouse. The Anime film industry has varying takes on the issue of tradition, but Miyazaki has taken on the issue whole heartedly in his films. Miyazakis idea of the identity of the Japanese person, along with his concept of the loss of traditional culture in the technological Mecca of contemporary Japanese society, has proved significant in the visual appeal of his films as well as their artistic value. Not only does he reference parts of culture such as art, architecture and religion, but also references traditional theatre and behaviour (such as the removal of shoes before entering a house). Despite the fact that Miyazakis uses some hybridity with other cultures in his portrayal of tradition, the fundamental â€Å"Japaneseness† of Spirited Away is clear and irrefutable.

Dr Faustus :: Essays Papers

Dr Faustus In Dr. Faustus, Christopher Marlowe uses the resolution of the conflict between Dr. Faustus and the beliefs of his time to explore the idea of man’s place in the universe. In Faustus’ time, it was believed that man had a place in the universe, and man must stay within his boundaries. It can be shown that Dr. Faustus stepped out of his place, failed in his attempt repent his actions, and ultimately caused his own end. The conflict between Dr. Faustus and the belief system of the age of discovery is established when Faustus makes a pact with the devil to sell his soul. Faustus, a top scholar and doctor in many fields, feels as though he has reached the pinnacle of human achievement. Yet, he desires further knowledge and power, knowledge and power that are not humanly attainable. However, through his pact with the devil, Faustus gains the power necessary to perform black magic, cast spells, and perform other godly deeds. Although Faustus is repeatedly warned by Mephostophelis, he continues greedily and foolishly in his actions. Despite his high aspirations, Faustus still has desires of the flesh, as he requests a wife from Mephostophelis: â€Å"†¦I am wanton and lascivious and cannot live without a wife.† (p. 43) Here Faustus is shown to have internal conflict between godly aspirations and human aspirations. Nevertheless, it is shown that Dr. Faustus is intent on becoming more po werful than any human, and he has gone to great lengths to do so. After selling his soul for twenty-four years of power and knowledge, Dr. Faustus soon realizes what he has done. He tries to repent his bond with the devil, yet the devil will not have it and binds him to his contract. Following this, Faustus continues to have doubts about his actions. At the same time, Faustus wins fame and fortune for his magic skills, yet his doubts remain as strong as ever. Although Faustus bargained away his soul for super-human power, it is apparent that he uses it to play tricks and silly pranks on people, the opposite of his initial intent. Dr. Faustus continues to use his power meaninglessly for tricks and the like. He is later approached by the old man, who begs Faustus to consider the mercy of God, for Faustus has retained his human soul and can be forgiven by God.

Research on Tobacco Smoking Essay

Abstract The aim of this research project is to test the hypothesis that â€Å"Tobacco smoking is adversely affecting the health of unborn babies among pregnant women in Barking and Dagenham† Smoking pregnant women appear to be more vulnerable than non smoking pregnant women to many adverse consequences of tobacco smoking. Smoking during pregnancy is associated with many fatal and neo-natal problems such as low birth weight, pre-term delivery, placenta damage, miscarriage, and sudden-infant-death syndrome. It can also be the cause of respiratory problems such as chest infections and can aggravate asthma in young babies. Smoking pregnant women achieve higher concentrations of nicotine and carbon monoxide in their blood and become more impaired than non smoking pregnant women after smoking equivalent amounts of tobacco. The study has used primary and secondary research to obtain its findings. The questionnaire albeit a very small cross section of the population, established that tobacco use is more prevalent among smoking pregnant women than non smoking pregnant women in Barking and Dagenham. In my survey, 60 percent of tobacco smoking pregnant women reported consume cigarette, 200 percent smoke cigars, 10 percent pipe tobacco, and 10 percent of other types of tobacco per day on average. The secondary research was based on studies and surveys that the the number of pregnant women who smoke has been falling steadily in recent years. No one can deny that quitting smoking it is a difficult process. Even so, many pregnant women give up smoking for good during pregnancy. Moreover, pregnant women who give up smoking early in pregnancy and who receive encouragement from their partners and from midwives are most likely to be successful in becoming permanent non-smokers. Introduction This research project will be discussing the hypothesis that â€Å"Tobacco smoking is adversely affecting the health of unborn babies among pregnant women†. The expression adversely is defined within the literature review, using evidence from secondary source material. It will debate the reasons, affects, consequences, disadvantages of tobacco smoking among pregnant women and Government advice and consequence of tobacco and how harmful it is to babies and their health. In addition to this material, a small scale research component has been included which leads to an evaluation of both the primary and secondary sources. LITERATURE REVIEW In December 1998, the Department of Health published Smoking Kills – a White Paper on tobacco, which set out practical measures to reduce smoking among men, women, children and most particular women with pregnancy. – Office for national statistics 2008 – 2009, smoking related behaviour and attitude. Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of burning tobacco encased in cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Many health experts now regard habitual smoking as a psychological addiction, too, and one with serious health consequences. – McCoy. K, Tobacco smoking – page 226. For some people it’s because they believe that they can’t live without the effects of smoking, such as relieving stress and giving pleasure. For others it’s because smoking is associated with fun and social activities, such as a break from work or meeting with friends in the pub. – McConoile. B, Women and pregnancy – part 3- page 196. Everyone has different reasons for smoking and tobacco is used to fill many needs. Some of the key reasons are the physical, emotional and psychological effects that cigarettes have; they can also be used as a tool when socialising. – Fintan O’ Toole, – Health correspondent Article- Life & Style, The Guardian –19/12/2008. Smoking is used as a way to suppress uncomfortable feelings, and smoking is used to alleviate stress, calm nerves, and relax. No wonder that when you are deprived of smoking, your mind and body are unsettled for a little while. – (Kirkup, J, Daily Telegraph – 22 February 2008, smoking and hazards. The habit of cigarette smoking is often used to tranquilize emotional issues like anxiety, stress, or low self-esteem. In addition, smoking provides comfort to people with conditions of chronic pain and depression. Smokers with emotional stress or chronic pain often turn to smoking as an attempt to treat their pain. – Dr. Annette, October 15, 2009, why people smoke cigarettes. Smokers often say that lighting up a cigarette can calm their nerves, satisfy their cravings, and help them feel energized. Indeed, nicotine in tobacco joins on to receptors in your brain that release â€Å"feel good† chemicals that can make you feel calm and energized all at once. Smoking acts as a drug, inducing a feeling of well-being with each puff. – Chorlton. P, Life Quality Management – page 89. Smoking is a way to avoid feeling unpleasant emotions such as sadness, grief, and anxiety. It can hide apprehensions, fears, and pain. This is accomplished partly through the chemical effects of nicotine on the brain. – Moor. S, The Journal – 23 March 2006. According to a study carried at the University of Nottingham by the Genetics of Pre-Eclampsia Consortium, pregnant women who smoke put the lives of their unborn babies at risk. This study was funded by the British Heart Foundation and strongly supports the opinion of many leading experts who advise that expectant mothers should quit smoking whilst pregnant.- NHS, Information Centre, September 28, 2006, Statistics on NHS Stop Smoking Services. Out of the total 1001 women, 38.8 percent smokers delivered premature babies as compared to 21.3 percent of non-smokers. 46.1 percent of smokers delivered low birth weight babies when compared to 27.9 percent non-smokers. 65.6 percent of smokers delivered babies with adverse conditions when compared to 60 percent of former smokers and 50.4 percent of non-smokers – Heath Express, December 5 2008, smoking and pre-eclampsia The most recent CDC survey (from 2008) showed that more than 1 in 6 American women aged 18 years or older (18.3%) smoked cigarettes. The highest rates were seen among American-Indian and Alaska-Native women (22.4%), followed by white (20.6%), African-American (17.8%), Hispanic (10.7%), and Asian women (4.7%). CDC – women’s health – publications and material (1999), smoking among pregnant women. Smoking during pregnancy is associated with many fatal and neo-natal problems such as low birth weight, pre-term delivery, placenta damage, miscarriage, and sudden-infant-death syndrome. It can also be the cause of respiratory problems such as chest infections and can aggravate asthma in young children. CDC – women’s health – publications and material (1999), smoking among pregnant women. Tobacco use accounts for nearly 1 in 3 cancer deaths. Tens of thousands of women will die this year from lung cancer, which has shot past breast cancer as the leading cause of cancer death among women. Almost 90% of these lung cancer deaths will be due to smoking. ACS, March 2001, Women and Smoking When the mother smokes, so does the baby. Smokers take in poisons such as nicotine and carbon monoxide (the same gas that comes out of a car’s exhaust pipe). These poisons get into the placenta, which is the tissue that connects the mother and the baby before it is born. These poisons keep the unborn baby from getting the food and oxygen needed to grow. Partnerships for a Tobacco- free Maine, 2010, Parent – smoking among pregnant women. New studies show that if a woman’s partner smokes near her during her pregnancy, there are added risks. It is best for the mother, baby, and entire family to quit tobacco. If family and friends continue to smoke the pregnant mother should ask them not to smoke near her. Lungs UK, 2010; Mothers – smoking among pregnant women. Due to smoking habits among pregnant women, about 4000 fatal deaths occur every year. It also includes miscarriages. Smoking among pregnant women also leads to premature births, low birth weight, cot death and asthma. In addition smoking is also associated with learning difficulties among children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy, which is yet another good reason why women who are pregnant should consider giving up. Heath Express, December 5 2008, smoking and pre-eclampsia. Women who smoke greatly increase their risk of heart disease (the leading killer among women) and stroke. Risk goes up with the number of cigarettes smoked and the length of time a woman has been smoking. Even though most of the women who die of heart disease are past menopause, smoking increases the risk more in younger women than in older women. ACS, March 2001, Women and Smoking. Heart disease and diseases of the blood vessels (cardiovascular disease) are more common in women who smoke than in those who don’t. Research indicates that women who smoke and also use hormonal contraceptives have a particularly high risk of developing heart disease or blood clots that can lead to stroke. eHealth MD, 2000, smoking, alcohol, and pregnancy. Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in UK. One out of five smokers, following a gruelling history of lung diseases including: pneumonia, emphysema, bronchitis and COPD with eventually die from cancer associated with smoking. – Champix – 2008, stop smoking and champix. Smoking also increases the risk of many other types of cancer other than lung cancer, including cancers of the throat, mouth, pancreas, kidney, bladder, breast, and cervix. Heart Attacks, individuals that smoke are six times more likely to experience a heart attack when compared to individuals that choose not to smoke. – Powell. J, drug Abuse (Emotional Health Issues 2007) page 27. Smoking also promotes the development free radicals which are highly unstable molecules that cause disease and damage to cell DNA. The cells of your body start behaving erratically producing a range of responses that make your skin age faster. – BBC News,Thursday, 28 December, 2006, Cigarettes Smoking effects. If you smoke more than a 1/2 pack of cigarette per day for over six months you have a one in three chance that you will not perform to previous levels in the bedroom, inability to perform, inability to a achieve, inability to maintain an erection. – Lamb. K, Health Issue 2001, Cigarettes smoking. Research carried out by Oxford University estimated that smoking cost the NHS in the UK  £5.2 billion in 2005/06, approximately 5.5% of total healthcare costs4. This updates the estimated cost of between  £1.4 and  £1.5 billion a year, estimated by research carried out by the Oxford University. – Statistics, Health, 2001, Smoking Related Behaviour & Attitudes. In 2008, it is estimated that almost one in five deaths in England of people over 35 years of age were due to smoking. Over a third of all deaths from respiratory diseases and almost three in ten of all deaths from cancers in this population are estimated to be caused by smoking. A higher proportion of smoking attributed deaths were seen for men compared to women.– Oxford Journal, 2008, Volume 105, Number 41, Cancer Risk for Smoker. Dr Miriam Stoppard said â€Å"Pregnancy can be a particularly difficult time to stop smoking – and rather than stigmatising these women, we should be guiding them to their local NHS Stop Smoking Service for expert advice and support†. BBC News, Wednesday, 4 February 2009, Health, pregnant smokers ‘fear criticism’. The total number of successful quitters delivered by NHS Stop Smoking Services between 2003/04 and 2005/06 was 832,700. The Department of Health Priorities and Planning Framework (PPF) target of 800,000 successful quitters over this period was achieved.- NHS, Information Centre, September 28, 2006, Statistics on NHS Stop Smoking Services. The number of women who smoke has been falling steadily in recent years. No one can deny that quitting smoking it is a difficult process. Even so, many women give up smoking for good during pregnancy. eHealth MD, 2000, smoking, alcohol, and pregnancy. Women who give up smoking early in pregnancy and who receive encouragement from their partners and from midwives are most likely to be successful in becoming permanent non-smokers. BBC News, 2007, Health issue, smoking, and pregnancy. The Smoking and Health (ASH) and the British Medical Association (BMA) estimate that up to 120,000 men over 30 years old suffer from impotence as a negative effect of smoking. This figure is likely to be very conservative, because it does not include impotence due to previous smoking in men who no longer smoke. Office of the national statistics – 25 April 2010, cigarettes smoking. The proportion of adults who smoked cigarettes fell substantially in the 1970s and the early 1980s – from 45 per cent in 1974 to 35 per cent in 1982. After 1982 it declined gradually until the early 1990s, levelling out during the 1990s. It then fell smoothly from 28 per cent in 1998/99 to 24 per cent in 2005. – Office of the national statistics – 25 April 2010, cigarettes smoking. Objective The objective of this research project is to test the hypothesis that, â€Å"Tobacco smoking is adversely affecting the health of unborn babies among pregnant women†. With the use of primary and secondary research to test the above mentioned hypothesis, there will be an emphasis on relevant literature such as journals, studies, surveys and statistics, both independent and governmental. In addition to this literature, the project’s questionnaire will add another dimension to the research giving it more essence and making it more satisfactory. The outcome of the project is to have basic knowledge and awareness of the danger of tobacco smoking to pregnant women who smokes and also the dangerous effect to the unborn babies. Method The research project shall engross both primary and secondary research and then evaluate both sources and produce a conclusion of results. The primary research will consist of a questionnaire, the unexpended anonymous is to protect the identity of the participants. Consequently, making them feel comfortable so that their answers will be as frank as possible. When all the gathered information is collected, comparisons can be made to determine my hypothesis. â€Å"Tobacco smoking is adversely affecting the health of unborn babies among pregnant women on†. There will only be a small sample of questionnaires to process the results. Therefore, it will not be a true reflection of society and its trends. The results from the survey will not have any significance on a national level, although, the participants do come from verity backgrounds and a range of nationalities. The study for secondary research will be produced from pertinent literature that will be reviewed and documented, the use of applicable radio and television programs and appropriate web sites. By using these informative mediums a deeper understanding and better insight into this much argued topic will be gained. In the process of carrying out this research, a lot of issues were put into consideration especially the ethnicity and nationality of respondents. Results The primary research consisted of the 15 questionnaires being distributed, 12 smoking pregnant women responded showing their ages to range from 18 to 40 years and 8 another non smoking pregnant women responded also showing their ages to range form 18 – 40 years. The survey report presents the finding of research into young women excessive drinking in Barking and Dagenham. In recent years there has been rising concern about the prevalence of smokers’ behaviour, especially among pregnant women. Smoking among pregnant women has also increases the risk of many other types of diseases that have led to the death of their babies. Smoking habits among pregnant women is intolerable, about 4000 fatal deaths occur every year. It also includes miscarriages. Smoking among pregnant women also leads to premature births, low birth weight, cot death and asthma. In addition smoking is also associated with learning difficulties among children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy, which is yet another good reason why women who are pregnant should consider giving up. [pic] Evaluation The structure of the questionnaire was to establish where and how pregnant women indulge in tobacco smoking, daily intake of tobacco, consequences of tobacco and the awareness of the affect of tobacco to their unborn babies, and the medical efforts and advice to reduce frequent intake of tobacco among pregnant women. The research shows that majority of pregnant women goes into smoking because of various reasons. My research shows that pregnant women smoke to be sociable with their friends, boredom, stress, relaxation, parent influence and also family influence. According to the result of my research, sixty percent agreed that they were suffering from the side effect of smoking tobacco. Majority of them complained of various illness and side effect of tobacco such as: constant headache, coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing mucus or blood, dry and wet cough, fever, chest discomfort, foetal development problems, and brain damage and other severe complication to unborn child, according to pregnant women. The research also shows that the respondents who filled out my questionnaire agreed that they have loss their dear ones through tobacco smoking either by asthma, cancer, coronary artery disease, heart disease, stroke, lungs disease, complication during pregnancy and many other diseases resulting from tobacco smoking. The hypothesis has been proven through this evidence produced in the primary and secondary research that tobacco smoking is unavoidable, and it will be extremely difficult to outlaw it in the society. The only possible solution to this problem is to continue to make general publication about the severe influence and the harms it can cause to their foetus and the unborn babies. Figure1: Age Range that Smoke during pregnancy Figure 2: Tobacco Consumption during Pregnancy Figure 3: Ranges of Smoking and Non Smoking during Pregnancy Figure 4: Reasons for Smoking Figure 5: Frequency of Smoking during Pregnancy Figure 6: Types of Tobacco Smoking by Pregnant Women Bibliography Literature Firth. L, 2001, Smoking Problem, Volume 43, Smith University, Published The Independence Royston. A, Tobacco – Learn to Say No! Oxford, Publisher Heinemann Library Lamb. K, Tobacco Smoking – Health Issue 2001, London, Publisher White Thomson Wechsler. H, PhD and Wuethrich. B, 2002, Addicted to Smoking: Tackling the Diseases’ Published by World Book USA. Plant. M, and Plant. M, 2006, Smoking in Britain: Drugs and the National Response, Publisher Oxford University Press. Dr, Mapstone. J, Acting Director of Public Health, November 2007, Smoking and Pregnancy, Glasgow, Publisher The independence Ward. M, 1998, caring for someone with drugs Addicts (carer handbook series) Publisher Age Concern Hamilton. K, 1999, Drugs and Pregnancy – your body (Healthy Body) London, Publisher Hodder Wayland Journals Parker. Colins, Tutor, 2010 Handout Moor. S, The Journal – 23 March 2006. Institution of Drugs Student – 2007 Issue 2. McConoile. B, Pregnant women under Tobacco influence – part 2- page 186. McCoy. K, & Dr. Wibbelsman. C, The teenager health – page 148 Powell. J, Pregnancy and drug Abuse (Emotional Health Issues 2008) page 13. Foster. R.K, and Marriott, 2006, Women and Pregnancy, volume 31 Issue 4, page 286 – 308 Chorlton. P, Life Quality Management – page 64. Internet news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/3121440smokingissues.co.uk/know-your-limits-responsible homemed4u.co.uk/†¦ /Smoking-tobacco-causes-death.asp surreyhypnosisclinic.co.uk/ Drugs-HypnosisinCamberley ww.nhs.uk/Livewell/smoking/ Pages/Effectsofdrugs.aspx www.guardian.co.uk/uk/ pregnancy/feedarticle/8491829 www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1537484/tobacco-smoking-among-pregnant women www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/health-news/smoking www.smokingissues.co.uk/ uk-s-relationship-with-tobaccol.html www.nhs.uk/Livewell/pregnancyl/ Pages/Effectsoftobaccol.aspx – www.ias.org.uk/resources/ factsheets/pregnancy/smoking.pdf